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. 2025 Sep 9;26(18):8761. doi: 10.3390/ijms26188761
AAPs Anti-Androgenic Phthalates
AMH Anti-Müllerian Hormone
AR Androgen Receptor
AFC Antral Follicle Count
BTB Blood–Testis Barrier
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CI Confidence Interval
COR Cortisol
CORT Corticosterone
CYP Cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., CYP11A1, CYP17A1)
dbcAMP Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP
DEGs Differentially Expressed Genes
DUB Deubiquitinating Enzyme
EDCs Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
E2 Estradiol
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
ERα Estrogen Receptor alpha
EV-miRNAs Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs
FF Follicular Fluid
FSH Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
GCs Granulosa Cells
GSH Glutathione
HMW High Molecular Weight
IVF In Vitro Fertilization
ICSI Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
LMW Low Molecular Weight
LH Luteinizing Hormone
logP Lipophilicity Index
MDA Malondialdehyde
ML Machine Learning
NF-κB Nuclear Factor kappa B
NLRP3 NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3
OR Odds Ratio
PAEs Phthalic Acid Esters
PCOS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PCO Polycystic Ovaries
PLA2 Phospholipase A2
PIWI P-element Induced WImpy Testis Proteins (e.g., PIWIL1, PIWIL2)
POF Premature Ovarian Failure
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
ROA Route of Administration
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
SAR Structure–Activity Relationship
SEA Sperm Epigenetic Aging
SOD Superoxide Dismutase
StAR Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
T Testosterone
T-AOC Total Antioxidant Capacity