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. 2025 Sep 15;26(18):8960. doi: 10.3390/ijms26188960
ACC American College of Cardiology
ADP Adenosine Diphosphate
AHA American Heart Association
AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
ARNIs Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitors
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
AVP Arginine Vasopressin
cGMP Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate
CMR Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
CRP C Reactive Protein
DAMPs Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
Drp1 Dynamin-Related Protein 1
ECM Extracellular Matrix
ECV Extracellular Volume
EF Ejection Fraction
ER Endoplasmic Reticulum
ESC European Society of Cardiology
GDF-15 Growth Differentiation Factor-15
GLS Global Longitudinal Strain
HF Heart Failure
HFmrEF Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction
HFpEF Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
HFrEF Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
HMGB1 High-Mobility Group Box 1
IL-6 Interleukin-6
LV Left Ventricle/Left Ventricular
Mfn1/2 Mitofusins 1/2
MMPs Matrix Metalloproteinases
MRAs Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
mtROS Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species
NF-κB Nuclear Factor κB
NLRs NOD-Like Receptors
NO Nitric Oxide
NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide
NYHA New York Heart Association
Opa1 Optic Atrophy Protein 1
PCr Phosphocreatine
PDE5 Phosphodiesterase Type 5
PGC-1α Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1α
PKG Protein Kinase G
PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors
RAAS Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
sGC Soluble Guanylate Cyclase
SGLT2 Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2
SNS Sympathetic Nervous System
ST2 Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 Protein
TGF-β1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
TIMPs Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases
TLRs Toll-Like Receptors
TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-α