| Abbreviation | |
| TMPDA | N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine |
| SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| SiO2 | Nano-silica |
| CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
| N2 | Nitrogen |
| NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance |
| FTIR | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| Symbols | |
| PV | pore volume |
| k0 | initial permeability (mD) |
| k1 | permeability after gel treatment (mD) |
| wt% | weight percent |
| mol% | mole percent |
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