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. 2025 Sep 9;26(18):8756. doi: 10.3390/ijms26188756
ACE-1 angiotensin-converting enzyme 1
ACE-2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
AIP plasma atherogenic index
ARD acute respiratory distress syndrome
CD147 cluster of differentiation 147
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
ECM extracellular matrix
GCF gingival crevicular fluid
HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin
HGEC human gingival epithelial cells
IL-6R IL-6 receptor
IL interleukin
iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
LPS lipopolysaccharide
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MMP matrix metalloproteinases
NET neutrophil extracellular traps
NETosis generation of NET
NF-κB nuclear factor kappa B
NLR NOD-like receptor
NLRP-3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
NO nitric oxide
PGE2 prostaglandin E2
PMN polymorphonuclear cells
RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2
T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGF-β transforming growth factor beta
Th1 cells type 1 T helper cells
TIMPs tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases
TMPRSS-2 transmembrane serine protease 2
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha