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. 2025 Sep 19;11(9):322. doi: 10.3390/jimaging11090322
CNNs Convolutional Neural Networks
ViTs Vision Transformers
COCO Common Objects in Context
mIoU Mean Intersection over Union
Acc Accuracy
SIFT Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
SVMs Support Vector Machines
ASIFT Affine-Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
SURF Speeded-Up Robust Features
ORB Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF
FAST Features from Accelerated Segment Test
BRIEF Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features
HOG Histogram of Oriented Gradients
SPM Spatial Pyramid Matching
DIAL Domain Invariant Adversarial Learning
DAT Domain-wise Adversarial Training
DCT Discrete Cosine Transform
PyramidAT Pyramid Adversarial Training
SP-ViT Spatial Prior-enhanced Vision Transformers
STNs Spatial Transformer Networks
RViT Rotation Invariant Vision Transformer
AMR Artificial Mental Rotation
SPP Spatial Pyramid Pooling
RiT Rotation Invariance Transformer
ILSVRC2012 ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2012
FPNs Feature pyramid networks