IR	Insulin resistance
LDL	Low-density lipoproteins
VLDL	Very-low-density lipoprotein
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
LPO	Lipid peroxides
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
IGF-1	Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
SASP	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
PIP2	Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate
PIP3	Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor
SGLT-2	Sodium-glucose co-transporter protein
PUFAs	Polyunsaturated fatty acid
O2	Oxygen
IRS2	Insulin Receptor Substrate 2
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAMPT	Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
SCN	Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
FFAs	Free Fatty Acids
NADP	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NO	Nitric oxide
ET-1	Endothelin-1
TyG	Triglyceride–glucose index
AMPK	Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase
TP53	Tumor Protein p53
KRAS	Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog
O2•−	Superoxide Anion
H2O2	Hydrogen Peroxide
·OH	Hydroxyl Radical
NO·	Nitric Oxide
IL-6	Interleukin-6
TNF-α	Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 Beta
TLR4	Toll-Like Receptor 4
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
CAR-T	Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy
TERT	Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
p16INK4a	Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
mTOR	Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin
FMT	Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Shc	Src Homology and Collagen Homology
Grb2	Growth Factor Receptor-Bound Protein 2
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
Ras	Rat Sarcoma virus
Raf	Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma
MEK	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase
ERK1/2	Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2
GSK3β	Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
AS160	Akt Substrate of 160 kDa
CREB	CAMP Response Element-Binding protein
mTORC1	Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
G6Pase	Glucose-6-Phosphatase
GLUT4	Glucose Transporter type 4
SREBP1c	Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c
VCAM-1	Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
PDGF	Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
ox-LDL	Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein