Table 1.
Concentrations of PCDD/F in sewage sludge, sorted by country and year.
| Reference | Country | Year | Source of material | n | Mean concentration (pg TEQ/g) | Range (pg TEQ/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ho and Clement 1990 | Canada | 1986 | Treated municipal sludge | 50 | NA | 0.0005–0.0015 |
| Raw municipal sludge | 50 | NA | 0.0026–0.0051 | |||
| van Oostdam and Ward 1995 | Canada | 1990–1993 | Primary sludge | 4 | 16.6 (dw) | 2.3–49.6 |
| Healey and Bright 2000 | Canada | 1998–1999 | Municipal wastewater treatment plants | 26 | 40 (dw) | 5.6–250 |
| Lamparski et al. 1984 | USA | 1933 | Treated municipal sludge | 1 | 87.7 (dw) | |
| 1981 | Treated municipal sludge | 1 | 88.9 (dw) | |||
| 1982 | Treated municipal sludge | 1 | 80.8 (dw) | |||
| Telliard et al. 1990 | USA | 1988–1989 | Public-owned sewage treatment works | 211 | 38.38 (ww) | 0.039–1252.9 |
| Malloy et al. 1993 | USA | 1990–1992 | Municipal yard waste compost | 11 | 29.6 | 5–91 |
| Municipal solid waste compost | 6 | 46.5 | 19–96 | |||
| Municipal solid waste + dewatered sewage sludge compost | 4 | 56 | 37–87 | |||
| Wilson et al. 1997 | U.K. | NA | Anaerobically digested sewage sludge | 1 | 19 (dw) | |
| McLachlan et al. 1996b | U.K. | 1968 | Rural uncontaminated sewage sludge | 2 | 230 (dw) | 200–280 |
| Sewart et al. 1995 | U.K. | 1992 | Digested sludges from sewage treatment plants | 8 | 72 (dw) | 19–206 |
| 1942–1960 | Archived samples from 1942 to 1960 | 7 | 148 (dw) | 18–402 | ||
| Rappe et al. 1989 | Sweden | NA | Urban sludge | 1 | 23.9 | |
| Rural sludge | 1 | 23.1 | ||||
| Naf and Broman 1990 | Sweden | May–Aug 1989 | Anaerobically digested sludge from urban wastewater treatment plant | 1 | 31 (dw) | |
| Broman et al. 1990 | Sweden | May–Aug. 1989 | Digested and dewatered sludge | 4 | 79 (ow) | 41–130 |
| Grossi et al. 1998 | Brazil | 1990–? | Municipal solid waste compost from the following: | |||
| Urban | 11 | 57 (dw) | 11–150 | |||
| Small cities | 5 | 27 (dw) | 3–163 | |||
| Coastal sandy | 3 | 8 (dw) | 5–11 | |||
| New, some industrial waste | 2 | 54 (dw) | 10–99 | |||
| Disse et al. 1995 | Germany | NA | Undigested sludge from rural area | 1 | 9 (dw) | |
| Undigested sludge from municipal area with no heavy industry | 1 | 20 (dw) | ||||
| Undigested sludge from municipal area with metal industry | 1 | 200 (dw) | ||||
| McLachlan and Reissinger 1990 | Germany | NA | Local wastewater treatment plant | 1 | 42 (dw) | |
| Horstmann et al. 1992 | Germany | 1991 | Anaerobically digested sewage sludge | 1 | 48 (dw) | |
| Primary sludge (dry conditions) | 9 | 31.4 (dw) | 15–64 | |||
| Primary sludge (rainy conditions) | 2 | 28.5 (dw) | 21–36 | |||
| Eljarrat et al. 1999 | Spain | 1994–1998 | Sludges from rural, urban, and industrial wastewater treatment plants | 19 | 55 (dw) | 7–160 |
| 1979–1987 | Archived samples from 1979 to 1987 | 24 | 620 (11.3-fold increase) | 29–8,300 | ||
| Molina et al. 2000 | Spain | NA | Aerobic sewage treatment plant | 1 | 68.1 (dw) | |
| Eljarrat et al. 1997 | Spain | 1986, 1987 | Sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants (aerobic digestion) | 7 | 144 (dw) | 74–260 |
Abbreviations: dw, dry weight; NA, no data available; ow, organic weight; ww , wet weight.