Table 2.
Cohort characteristics and URR estimates.
| Cohort characteristics
|
URR
|
RR | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author and year | Industrya | Country | Designb | Author exposurec | Contrastd | Outcomee | Smoking adjustment | Cases (n) | Exposure (n) | Maximum exposuref | Estimate (95% CI) | SEg | Maximum exposure |
| Bye 1998 | Coke | Norway | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Morb | No | 7 | 4 | 10.0 | > 1,000 (0.01 to > 1,000) | 11.43 | 6.10 |
| Chau 1993 | Coke | France | Cohort | None | jobgroup | Mort | Yes | 24 | 5 | 294.4 | 1.00 (0.68–1.46) | 0.20 | 0.99 |
| Costantino 1995 | Coke | USA | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Mort | No | 458 | 7 | 805.4 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 0.02 | 3.18 |
| Franco 1993 | Coke | Italy | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 19 | 1 | 186.0 | 1.41 (1.01–1.97) | 0.17 | 1.90 |
| Hurley 1983 | Coke | U.K. | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Mort | No | 182 | 4 | 252.9 | 1.36 (1.04–1.79) | 0.14 | 2.19 |
| Hurley 1983 | Coke | U.K. | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Mort | No | 59 | 4 | 262.9 | 1.19 (0.77–1.85) | 0.22 | 1.60 |
| Reid 1956 | Coke | U.K. | Cohort | None | jobgroup | Mort | No | 21 | 3 | 400.0 | 0.94 (0.64–1.39) | 0.20 | 0.79 |
| Sakabe 1975 | Coke | Japan | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 15 | 1 | 200.0 | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.18 | 1.28 |
| Swaen 1991 | Coke | Holland | Cohort | None | jobgroup | Mort | No | 273 | 3 | 200.0 | 1.19 (0.97–1.45) | 0.10 | 1.41 |
| Xu 1996 | Coke | China | Nested | BaP | duration | Morb | Yes | 194 | 3 | 453.8 | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) | 0.08 | 3.65 |
| Berger 1992 | Gas | Germany | Cohort | BaP | singleSMR | Mort | No | 78 | 1 | 747.6 | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | 0.02 | 2.88 |
| Doll 1972 | Gas | U.K. | Cohort | None | jobgroup | Mort | No | 79 | 3 | 60.0 | 4.01 (1.16–13.87) | 0.63 | 2.30 |
| Doll 1972 | Gas | U.K. | Cohort | None | jobgroup | Mort | No | 110 | 2 | 60.0 | 5.82 (1.06–32.00) | 0.87 | 2.88 |
| Gustavsson 1990 | Gas | Sweden | Cohort | BaP | singleSMR | Mort | No | 0 | 1 | 28.7 | 0.00 (0.00–66.56) | 1,450 | 0.00 |
| Armstrong 1994 | Alum | Canada | Ca-coh | BaP | cum.exp. | Mort | Yes | 338 | 5 | 413.1 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 0.06 | 2.30 |
| Milham 1979 | Alum | USA | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 35 | 6 | 99.2 | 0.19 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 6.15 | 0.19 |
| Moulin 2000 | Alum | France | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 19 | 5 | 200.0 | 1.11 (0.46–2.66) | 0.45 | 1.23 |
| Mur 1987 | Alum | France | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 17 | 3 | 248.2 | 0.69 (0.31–1.54) | 0.41 | 0.40 |
| Rockette 1983 | Alum | USA | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 64 | 5 | 116.1 | 1.85 (0.53–6.53) | 0.64 | 2.05 |
| Rockette 1983 | Alum | USA | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 133 | 5 | 15.4 | 0.06 (0.00–9.58) | 2.59 | 0.65 |
| Romundstad 2000 | Alum | Norway | Cohort | BaP | cum.exp. | Morb | No | 189 | 4 | 222.4 | 0.99 (0.79–1.22) | 0.11 | 0.97 |
| Spinelli 1991 | Alum | Canada | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Morb | No | 37 | 5 | 251.1 | 1.31 (0.72–2.39) | 0.30 | 1.99 |
| Donato 2000 | Carbon | Italy | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 34 | 3 | 36.4 | 0.18 (0.01–5.61) | 1.75 | 0.54 |
| Liu 1997 | Carbon | China | Cohort | BaP | jobgroup | Mort | No | 50 | 4 | 17.3 | 53.07 (3.44–819) | 1.40 | 1.99 |
| Moulin 1989 | Carbon | France | Nested | BaP | duration | Morb | Yes | 7 | 4 | 94.9 | 2.82 (0.20–40.59) | 1.36 | 2.67 |
| Moulin 1989 | Carbon | France | Nested | BaP | duration | Mort | No | 13 | 4 | 5.8 | 0.00 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 24.21 | 0.41 |
| Hammond 1976 | Asphalt | USA | Cohort | BaP | duration | Mort | No | 121 | 4 | 66.8 | 5.63 (0.89–35.53) | 0.94 | 3.17 |
| Hansen 1991 | Asphalt | Denmark | Cohort | BaP | singleSMR | Mort | No | 25 | 1 | 20.3 | 189.59 (13.5 to > 1,000) | 1.35 | 2.90 |
| Swaen 1997 | Asphalt | Holland | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 39 | 1 | 10.0 | 15.23 (0.21 to > 1,000) | 2.19 | 1.31 |
| Hansen 1989 | Tar | Denmark | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 16 | 1 | 10.0 | 35.76 (0.04 to > 1,000) | 3.42 | 1.43 |
| Maclaren 1987 | Tar | U.K. | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 12 | 1 | 6.0 | > 1,000 (0.01 to > 1,000) | 6.58 | 1.60 |
| Swaen 1997 | Tar | Holland | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 48 | 1 | 10.0 | 5.32 (0.11–89.4) | 1.97 | 1.18 |
| Evanhoff 1993 | Chimney | Sweden | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 53 | 4 | 40.0 | 9.88 (0.60–162) | 1.43 | 2.50 |
| Hansen 1983 | Chimney | Denmark | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 5 | 1 | 30.0 | 44.63 (0.82 to > 1,000) | 2.04 | 3.13 |
| Cammarano 1986 | Power | Italy | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 5 | 1 | 1.0 | > 1,000 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 61.16 | 1.77 |
| Forastiere 1989 | Power | Italy | Cohort | None | duration | Mort | No | 8 | 3 | 1.5 | 0.02 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 110.37 | 0.94 |
| Petrelli 1989 | Power | Italy | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 6 | 1 | 1.0 | > 1,000 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 55.83 | 1.36 |
| Robertson 1996 | C_black | USA | Cohort | None | singleSMR | Mort | No | 34 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.00 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 23.45 | 0.84 |
| Sorahan 2001 | C_black | U.K. | Cohort | Proxy | cum.exp. | Mort | No | 64 | 4 | 0.8 | > 1,000 (0.00 to > 1,000) | 58.15 | 1.48 |
aIndustry: Alum, aluminum smelter; Carbon, carbon anode plant; Tar, tar distillery; Chimney, chimney sweep; Power, thermoelectric power plant; C_black, carbon black.
bDesign: Nested, nested case–control; Ca-coh, case–cohort.
cAuthor exposure: information provided by the authors on exposure to BaP.
dContrast: Basis of risk comparison from which URR was estimated. cum.exp., cumulative exposure.
eOutcome: Morb, morbidity; Mort, mortality.
fExposure in micrograms per cubic meter years BaP in the highest exposure group.
gStandard error of URR (log scale).