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. 2025 Sep 17;17(18):2984. doi: 10.3390/nu17182984
ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder
GI gastrointestinal
MGB microbiota gut–brain
CNS central nervous system
FMT fecal microbiota transplantation
FGIDs functional gastrointestinal disorders
MTT Microbiota Transfer Therapy
HPA hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
ENS enteric nervous system
CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha
SCFAs short-chain fatty acids
IL interleukin
BBB blood–brain barrier
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
LPS lipopolysaccharide
GOSs galacto-oligosaccharides
MAC microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
GFCF gluten-free, casein-free
SCD Specific Carbohydrate Diet