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. 2025 Sep 10;17(9):1176. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17091176
3D Three-dimensional
4D Four-dimensional (time-responsive) bioprinting
AI Artificial intelligence
BBB Blood–brain barrier
CNS Central nervous system
DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
dECM Decellularized extracellular matrix
DLP Digital light processing
ECM Extracellular matrix
EHD Electrohydrodynamic
GelMA Gelatin methacryloyl
GFP Green fluorescent protein
HA Hyaluronic acid
MAP2 Microtubule-associated protein 2
NGF Nerve growth factor
NPCs Neural progenitor cells
NTE Neural tissue engineering
PCL Polycaprolactone
PEDOT:PSS Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)
PEG Polyethylene glycol
PLA Polylactic acid
PNS Peripheral nervous system
PST Phase separation technique
TBR1 T-box brain transcription factor 1
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor