Table 2.
Patient characteristics of 11 included studies
| Smokers | Non-smokers | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author/year | Study place | Study design | Data source | Study population | Study year | Sample analyzed | Mean age (± SD) | Mean annual medical costs ($, ± SD) |
Sample analyzed | Mean age (± SD) | Mean annual medical costs ($, ± SD) |
Currency, year |
| Tiihonen et al. 2012 [12] | Finland | Prospective cohort |
Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease study (KIHD) |
Random sample of people residing in and around Kuopio city | 1984–2011 | 493 | 55.54 (2.38) |
5040 (10,650) |
1483 | 55.72 (2.50) |
3420 (9,870) |
Euros, 2009 |
| Izumi et al. 2001 [13] | Japan | Prospective cohort |
Ohsaki cohort study |
National Health Insurance beneficiaries living in Ohsaki |
1995–1997 | 21,098 | NA |
2012 (1,194.5) |
22,310 | NA |
1710 (1,032.2) |
British pounds, 2000 |
| Isaranuwatchai et al. 2018 [14]a | Canada | Retrospective cohort |
Admin-istrative databases of Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) |
Newly diagnosed adult cancer patients from 14 Regional Cancer Centers (RCCs) in Ontario |
2016 | 3606 | 60.6 (12.1) |
5649 (7,169) |
14,911 | 65.1 (13.6) |
4704 (6,737) |
Canadian dollars, 2016 |
| Alefan et al. 2019 [15] | Jordan | Retrospective cohort |
King Abdullah University Hospital database |
Patients with chronic diseases visiting outpatient clinics | 2015–2016 | 187 | 56 (10.7) |
2001 (3,005.9) |
469 | 61 (10.2) |
2249 (7,901.2) |
Jordanian dinars, 2015 |
| Vynckier et al. 2025 [16] | Belgium | Retrospective |
Belgian Health Interview Survey |
Nationally representative population |
2020 | 1131 | 49.4 (19.8) | 2407 | 4171 | 47.5 (15.4) | 2279 | Euros, 2018 |
| Cowan et al. 2011 [17] | US | Retrospective |
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth |
Nationally representative youth population |
2000–2005 | 15,397 | 34.53 (4.75) |
28,54.37 (7125.96) |
5355 | 34.31 (4.81) |
2373.87 (6521.43) |
US dollars, 2002 |
| Swedler et al. 2019 [18] | US | Retrospective |
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) |
Nationally representative US population |
2011–2015 | 19 716 719 | NA |
4647 (4186.9–5107.0) |
206,862,703 | NA |
4499 (4219.6–4778.9) |
US dollars, 2015 |
| Sari et al. 2016 [19] | Iran | Retrospective | Patient medical records | Patients admitted with lung cancer in government and private hospitals of Iran | 2014–2015 | 180 | NA |
52,470,550 (43,329,550) |
178 | NA | 26,523,890 (19,519,710) | Iranian rials, 2015 |
| Fishman et al. 2003 [20] | US | Retrospective | HMO cohort | General population of western Washington state | 1990–1994 | 342 | 42.4 (10.5) | 2746.72 | 489 | 43.5 (11.4) | 1686.15 | US dollars, 2000 |
| Suárez-Bonel et al. 2015 [21] | Spain | Prospective cohort | Primary data |
Patients attending a health care district |
2010–2011 | 250 | 56.3 (8.2) |
848.6 (477.9) |
250 | 56.4 (8.9) |
474.7 (325.4) |
Euros, 2010 |
| Wacker et al. 2013 [22] | Germany | Retrospective | German KORA F4 study |
General population of Southern Germany |
2006–2008 | 468 | 57.5 (13.5) |
1931 (837.1) |
1278 | 49.7 (10.5) |
2075 (676.8) |
Euros, 2008 |
aMean monthly costs; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation