Table 6.

Results of ablation experiments.

Configuration	Backbone (Layers 6 & 8)	Head (Layer 20)	P (%)	R (%)	mAP50 (%)	Parameters (M)	Description
Baseline YOLOv12n	Original A2C2f	Original C3k2	93.823	94.978	98.156	2,557,118	Original baseline model
Baseline + Backbone Light	Modified Module	Original C3k2	93.769	96.251	98.234	2,043,070	Lightweight improvements for backbone network applications only
Baseline + Head Light	Original A2C2f	C3Ghost	94.816	94.545	98.342	2,354,398	Lightweight improvements for head-only web applications
Full Lightweight Model	Modified Module	C3Ghost	93.019	95.647	98.208	1,840,350	Complete lightweight model (improvements applied to both backbone and header networks)