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. 2025 Sep 26;15:33299. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17150-7

Table 11.

Summary of data from various references.

Reference No. of specimens Shape* Material of longitudinal bar Material of transversal bar Type of transverse reinforcement Eccentricity
Raza and Zaman Khan 45 9 C Steel/GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
Salah-Eldin 46 4 S Steel/GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
Salah-Eldin 47 4 S BFRP BFRP Hoop Yes
Rafique 48 5 C GFRP GFRP Spiral-Hoop No
Hadhood 49 25 C GFRP/CFRP GFRP Spiral-Hoop Yes
Hadi 50 3 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP spiral No
AlAjarmeh 51 5 C Steel/GFRP GFRP spiral No
Elchalakani 52 13 C Steel/GFRP GFRP spiral Yes
Hadhood 53 10 C GFRP GFRP spiral Yes
Elchalakani 54 9 R GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
Othman 55 15 S Steel/CFRP Steel/CFRP Hoop Yes
Ahmad 56 7 C GFRP GFRP Spiral Yes
Tobbi 4 4 S Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Hoop No
Tobbi 57 11 S Steel/GFRP/CFRP GFRP/CFRP Hoop No
Tobbi 58 1 S Steel/GFRP/CFRP GFRP/CFRP Hoop No
Afifi 59 11 C Steel/CFRP Steel/CFRP Spiral No
Afifi 60 9 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Spiral No
Afifi 61 3 C CFRP CFRP Hoop No
AlAjarmeh 62 6 C GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Tu 63 8 S GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Phan Duy 64 10 S GFRP GFRP Hoop No
A. Alwash 65 7 S CFRP Steel Hoop Yes
Ahmad 66 5 C Steel/GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Elchalakani 1 7 R Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Hoop Yes
Elchalakani 68 16 R GFRP GFRP
Hamid 69 8 R BFRP/Steel BFRP/Steel Hoop Yes
Hadhood 2 10 C GFRP GFRP Spiral Yes
Hadhood 70 5 C CFRP/Steel CFRP/Steel Spiral Yes
Hadhood 15 5 C CFRP/Steel CFRP/Steel Spiral Yes
Hadhood 71 8 C GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
Hadhood 72 40 C Steel/GFRP/CFRP Steel/GFRP Spiral/Hoop Yes
Hadi 6 6 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Spiral Yes
Hales 73 4 C Steel/GFRP GFRP Spiral Yes
Hasan 74 3 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Spiral Yes
Hasan 75 6 C Steel/GFRP Steel Spiral No
Baili 36 9 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Hoop Yes
Ahmed 76 2 C Steel Steel Spiral No
Zhou 77 3 S GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Xu 78 3 S GFRP GFRP Hoop No
Zeng 79 10 C GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Khorramian 80 4 S GFRP Yes
Maranan 81 7 C GFRP GFRP Spiral/Hoop No
Mohamed 14 12 C Steel/GFRP/CFRP Steel/GFRP/CFRP Spiral/Hoop No
Gouda 82 10 C GFRP GFRP Spiral Yes
Pantelides 83 4 C Steel/GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Erfan 84 2 S Basalt Basalt Hoop No
Li 85 9 C,S BFRP BFRP Spiral/Hoop No
Raza 86 9 C GFRP GFRP Hoop No
Rashedi 87 9 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Hoop Yes
El‑Sayed 88 4 S Steel/Basalt Steel Hoop No
Karim 89 2 C Steel/GFRP Steel/GFRP Spiral No
Tabatabaei 90 1 C GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Zhang 91 8 S GFRP GFRP Hoop No
Xiong 92 8 S BFRP BFRP Hoop No
Brown 93 4 S GFRP GFRP Hoop No
Elmesalami 94 9 S Steel/GFRP/BFRP Steel/BFRP Hoop Yes
El-Gamal 95 7 C Steel/GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Xue 96 15 S GFRP Steel Hoop Yes
Bakouregui 103 24 C GFRP/BFRP/CFRP GFRP Spiral/Hoop Yes
Abdelazim 97 8 C GFRP GFRP Spiral Yes
AlAjarmeh 67 7 C GFRP GFRP Spiral No
Khorramian 98 10 R GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
ElMessalami 99 9 S BFRP BFRP Hoop Yes
Fan 100 2 S BFRP Steel Hoop Yes
Salah-Eldin 101 10 S GFRP GFRP Hoop Yes
Karim 102 2 C GFRP GFRP Spiral No

*C = Circular, S = Square, R = Rectangular