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. 2025 Sep 26;15:32945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17783-8

Table 13.

Results for heterogeneity among cities in eastern, central, and western.

variable (1)
full sample
(2)
hierarchical diffusion model
(3)
horizontal diffusion model
Eastern cities Central and western cities Eastern cities Central and western cities Eastern cities Central and western cities
Policy

0.016***

(4.03)

0.005**

(2.25)

0.029***

(5.83)

0.001

(0.51)

0.002

(0.22)

0.017***

(3.52)

Control variable Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Time fixed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
City fixed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 1548 3456 1152 2970 1098 2610