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. 2025 Sep 26;15:33078. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16630-0

Table 21.

EOBAVO gear train trouble outcomes.

Algorithm Variables optimal values Optimum cost
Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic
EOBAVO 4.294E+01 2.166E+01 1.247E+01 2.207E+01 1.977E−02
ROBAVO 4.443E+01 1.366E+01 3.414E+01 2.999E+01 4.228E−02
OBAVO 4.369E+01 1.560E+01 3.250E+01 2.591E+01 9.225E−02
AVO 5.327E+01 1.567E+01 3.115E+01 2.915E+01 2.892E−02
PSO 4.108E+01 1.754E+01 4.586E+01 2.709E+01 3.346E−01
SSA 4.183E+01 2.264E+01 3.448E+01 2.814E+01 2.694E−01
SCA 5.605E+01 1.559E+01 3.930E+01 2.641E+01 7.276E−02
WOA 4.922E+01 1.862E+01 9.959E+01 2.972E+01 1.261E+00