Table 1.
Age, blood, and urine chemistry profiles and assessment of Cd and Pb exposure and markers of liver and kidney effects.
| Descriptor | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 53 | 65 |
| Age (years) | 36.7 ± 9.4 (21–57) | 38.1 ± 8.3 (23–55) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 22.4 ± 4.5 |
| Hematological profiles | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.5 ± 1.0 | 12.2 ± 1.1** |
| Hematocrit (%) | 43.5 ± 2.7 | 37.1 ± 2.8** |
| Red blood cells (×106/μL) | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4** |
| White blood cells (×103/μL) | 7.4 ± 2.4 | 7.2 ± 1.9 |
| Serum and urine chemistry profiles | ||
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 202 ± 161 (14–978) | 60 ± 48 (3–197)** |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 0.4 |
| Plasma creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.10** |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 12.6 ± 3.4 | 11.0 ± 2.5* |
| Serum Zn (mg/L) | 1.38 ± 0.30 | 1.19 ± 0.16** |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/mL) | 0.75 ± 0.71 | 0.61 ± 0.47 |
| Urinary Zn excretion (μg/g creatinine) | 371 ± 224 | 272 ± 164* |
| Cd and Pb exposure indicators | ||
| Urinary Cd (μg/g creatinine) | 0.48 ± 0.36 (0.05–1.6) | 0.54 ± 0.39 (0.09–2.4) |
| Urinary Zn:Cd (mmol Zn/nmol Cd) | 1.91 ± 1.82 (0.5 –13) | 1.35 ± 1.14 (0.2–5)* |
| Urinary Pb (μg/g creatinine) | 1.3 ± 1.8 (0.1–12) | 2.4 ± 1.1 (0.6–6.8)** |
| Serum Cd (μg/L) | 0.55 ± 0.48 (0.05 –2.5) | 0.48 ± 0.44 (0.05–3.2) |
| Serum Pb (μg/L) | 4.2 ± 5.4 (1–28) | 3.0 ± 2.2 (1–12) |
| Kidney toxicity indicatorsb | ||
| Protein (mg/g creatinine) | 49 ± 47 (0.4 –121) | 74 ± 67 (0.4–317)** |
| β2-MG (μg/g creatinine) | 51 ± 121 (0.03–762) | 29 ± 38 (0.03–218) |
| NAG (U/g creatinine) | 4.4 ± 2.6 (0.6–15) | 4.6 ± 2.2 (0.7–12) |
| Liver effect indicator | ||
| Urinary 7-OHC (mg/3 hr)c | 5.0 ± 2.6 (0–11) | 5.1 ± 3.5 (0–15) |
Values are mean ± SD; numbers in parentheses are ranges.
a
Body mass index = body weight/square of height (kg/m2).
b
Urine samples were collected for 3 hr after administration of 15 mg of coumarin.
c
Two men and one woman did not excrete 7-OHC in urine, most likely due to their lack of the CYP2A6 gene or having a defect in the CYP2A6 gene expression.
*
p = 0.001–0.005;
**
p < 0.001.