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. 2004 Sep 3;112(15):1570–1576. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7243

Table 4.

Multivariate models of the association between maternal and paternal risk factors and the occurrence of hypospadias in a case–control study.

Risk factors OR (95% CI)
Maternal risk factors (n = 443)
 Education level (low vs. intermediate/high) 2.0* (1.1–3.9)
 SGA (yes vs. no) 4.2* (1.2–14.7)
 Turkish origin of mother (vs. non-Turkish) 3.0* (1.2–7.7)
 Good general health (no vs. yesa) 3.6* (1.6–8.1)
Maternal and paternal risk factors (n = 326)
 SGA (yes vs. noa) 7.3* (1.7–31.4)
 Current smoker, father (yes vs. noa) 3.8* (1.8–8.2)
 Self-reported exposure to solvents of father 2.0 (0.9–4.6)
 Time to pregnancy
  0 months 1.0
  1–3 months 3.9* (1.3–11.5)
  ≥4 months 3.4* (1.1–10.3)
a

Reference.

*

p < 0.05.