Table 4.
Multivariate models of the association between maternal and paternal risk factors and the occurrence of hypospadias in a case–control study.
| Risk factors | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Maternal risk factors (n = 443) | |
| Education level (low vs. intermediate/high) | 2.0* (1.1–3.9) |
| SGA (yes vs. no) | 4.2* (1.2–14.7) |
| Turkish origin of mother (vs. non-Turkish) | 3.0* (1.2–7.7) |
| Good general health (no vs. yesa) | 3.6* (1.6–8.1) |
| Maternal and paternal risk factors (n = 326) | |
| SGA (yes vs. noa) | 7.3* (1.7–31.4) |
| Current smoker, father (yes vs. noa) | 3.8* (1.8–8.2) |
| Self-reported exposure to solvents of father | 2.0 (0.9–4.6) |
| Time to pregnancy | |
| 0 months | 1.0 |
| 1–3 months | 3.9* (1.3–11.5) |
| ≥4 months | 3.4* (1.1–10.3) |
a
Reference.
*
p < 0.05.