Table 4.

Gut-skin axis–linked diseases and their microbial dysbiosis profiles

Condition	Gut microbiome changes	Skin microbiome changes
Atopic dermatitis	↓Bifidobacteria, ↓F. prausnitzii, ↑Enterobacteriaceae	↑S. aureus, ↓microbial diversity
Psoriasis	↑Ruminococcus, ↓Akkermansia muciniphila, ↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	↑Corynebacterium, ↑Streptococcus
Rosacea	↑Prevotella intermedia, ↓Cutibacterium	↑Demodex folliculorum, ↑Gordonia
Hidradenitis suppurativa	↑Porphyromonas, ↑Prevotella, ↓diversity	↑anaerobes in lesions, ↓alpha diversity
Celiac disease	↑Proteobacteria, ↓Lactobacillus, ↑Candida	Associated with dermatitis herpetiformis
Seborrheic dermatitis	Altered lipid metabolism-related bacteria (e.g., ↑Enterobacteriaceae)	↑Malassezia species (esp. M. restricta), altered yeast load
Acne vulgaris	↓Lactobacillus, ↑Proteobacteria, ↓diversity	↑Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes)