Table 1.  Aflatoxin production inhibitors targeting mitochondrial components.

Inhibitors	IC50 (µM)	Sp.a	Target	Proposed mode of action	Significantly downregulated genes	Ref.
Dioctatin	23.9	f	ClpP	Abnormal degradation of mitochondrial proteins	aflD, aflF, aflH, aflL, aflM	17 )
Acyldepsipeptide 1 (ADEP1)	4.9	f	ClpP	Likely similar to dioctatin	NA	17 )
Paraquat	54.9	f	Complex Ib	Accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide	aflR, aflC, aflD, aflP, aflQ	22 )
Alkyl syringates and related compoundsc
Octyl syringate	NA	f	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	-	24 )
Octyl paraben	NA	f	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	-	24 )
Octyl gallate	NA	f	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	-	24 )
2-Isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (mHtcum)	NA	f	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	aflR, aflD, aflO (omtB)	28 )
Respiration inhibitors
Pyridaben	0.01	p	Complex I	Complex I inhibition	NA	26 )
Tolfenpyrad	0.18	p	Complex I	Complex I inhibition	-	12 , 26 )
Rotenone	13	p	Complex I	Complex I inhibition	NA	26 )
Boscalid	<0.01	p	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	-	12 , 26 )
Atpenin A5	9.7	p	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	NA	26 )
Siccanin	13	p	Complex II	Complex II inhibition	NA	26 )
Pyraclostrobin	0.06	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	NA	26 )
Kresoxim-methyl	0.06	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	NA	26 )
Fluacrypyrim	0.07	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	NA	26 )
Azoxystrobin	0.4	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	NA	26 )
Pyribencarb	0.43	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	NA	26 )
Antimycin A	7.2	p	Complex III	Complex III inhibition	-	26 , 28 )

NA: Data not available.

-: None of the investigated aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster genes showed significantly reduced expression.

^aSpecies tested in the literature. A. flavus (f) and A. parasiticus (p).

^bPotentially involved.

^cAmong these compounds, only octyl- is shown here.