Table 3. Relationships between child or household characteristics and growth outcomes in children younger than 5 years, 29 low- and middle-income countries and territories, 2017–2020.

Characteristic	Probability, % (95% CI)
	Stunting	Underweight
E. coli contamination	2.3 (0.6 to 3.9)	1.8 (0.6 to 3.1)
Age of child, months	0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)	0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
Sex of child
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	−2.7 (−4.2 to −1.3)	−1.5 (−2.5 to −0.5)
Birth order	0.5 (0.1 to 1.0)	0.4 (0.1 to 0.7)
Age of household head, years	−0.1 (−0.1 to −0.0)	−0.0 (−0.1 to 0.0)
Sex of household head
Female	Reference	Reference
Male	−0.6 (−2.5 to 1.4)	0.5 (−1.4 to 2.3)
Education level of household head
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−0.2 (−4.0 to 1.0)	0.4 (−1.7 to 2.1)
Secondary	−3.3 (−6.4 to −0.3)	−1.3 (−3.6 to 1.0)
Higher	−4.8 (−7.6 to −2.1)	−2.2 (−4.8 to 0.5)
Household size	0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3)	0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2)
Age of mother, years	−0.2 (−0.4 to −0.1)	−0.1 (−0.2 to 0.0)
Education level of mother
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−4.5 (−7.4 to −1.5)	−2.9 (−4.6 to −1.1)
Secondary	−5.1 (−8.4 to −1.9)	−3.4 (−5.2 to −1.7)
Higher	−7.7 (−10.8 to −4.6)	−4.3 (−6.2 to −2.4)
Education level of father
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−2.0 (−6.1 to 2.0)	−2.1 (−4.4 to 0.1)
Secondary	−1.7 (−5.7 to 2.2)	−1.5 (−4.0 to 1.1)
Higher	−1.8 (−5.2 to 1.6)	−1.4 (−3.8 to 0.9)

CI: confidence interval; E. coli: Escherichia coli * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.