Table 4. Relationships between child or household characteristics and health outcomes in children younger than 5 years, 29 low- and middle-income countries and territories, 2017–2020.

Characteristic	Probability, % (95% CI)
	Cough	Diarrhoea	Fever
E. coli contamination	1.5 (−0.4 to 3.4)	1.4 (0.1 to 2.8)	1.03 (−1.1 to 3.1)
Age of child, months	−0.1 (−0.1 to −0.1)	−0.2 (−0.3 to −0.2)	−0.8 (−0.1 to −0.0)
Sex of child
Male	Reference	Reference	Reference
Female	−1.0 (−2.6 to 0.6)	−0.2 (−1.3 to 0.9)	−2.1 (−3.4 to −0.9)
Birth order	−0.8 (−1.2 to −0.3)	0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3)	−0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2)
Age of household head, years	−0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1)	0.0 (−0.0 to 0.1)	0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
Sex of household head
Female	Reference	Reference	Reference
Male	−0.6 (−2.6 to 1.5)	−0.8 (−2.4 to 0.8)	0.2 (−1.8 to 2.2)
Education level of household head
None	Reference	Reference	Reference
Primary	−0.5 (−3.4 to 2.4)	1.2 (−0.8 to 3.2)	−0.1 (−2.6 to 2.4)
Secondary	−2.2 (−5.3 to 0.9)	2.2 (0.2 to 4.2)	−0.2 (−3.0 to 2.7)
Higher	−1.1 (−5.2 to 2.9)	0.0 (−2.6 to 2.6)	−0.2 (−3.7 to 3.3)
Household size	0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3)	−0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2)	−0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2)
Age of mother, years	0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2)	−0.1 (−0.2 to −0.1)	−0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1)
Education level of mother
None	Reference	Reference	Reference
Primary	2.2 (−0.1 to 4.5)	0.6 (−1.3 to 2.5)	2.3 (−0.6 to 5.2)
Secondary	0.7 (−2.5 to 3.8)	−0.7 (−2.8 to 1.3)	0.4 (−2.3 to 3.0)
Higher	−2.2 (−5.6 to 1.1)	−1.4 (−3.4 to 0.7)	−1.5 (−4.6 to 1.6)
Education level of father
None	Reference	Reference	Reference
Primary	2.1 (−0.6 to 4.8)	−0.3 (−2.1 to 1.6)	1.7 (−1.5 to 4.8)
Secondary	3.9 (0.7 to 7.0)	−1.1 (−3.5 to 1.4)	−0.9 (−3.6 to 1.7)
Higher	3.0 (0.7 to 5.3)	−0.8 (−2.7 to 1.1)	−0.3 (−2.7 to 2.0)

CI: confidence interval; E. coli: Escherichia coli.