Table 5. Relationships between child or household characteristics and growth outcomes in children younger than 5 years, when controlling for the health outcome of diarrhoea, 29 low- and middle-income countries and territories, 2017–2020.

Characteristic	Probability, % (95% CI)
	Stunting	Underweight
E. coli contamination	2.3 (0.6 to 3.9)	1.8 (0.5 to 3.1)
Diarrhoea	0.8 (−0.8 to 2.4)	2.8 (1.4 to 4.3)
Age of child, months	0.2 (0.2 to 0.2)	0.1 (0.1 to 0.1)
Sex of child
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	−2.7 (−4.2 to −1.3)	−1.5 (−2.5 to −0.5)
Birth order	0.5 (0.1 to 1.0)	3.4 (0.1 to 0.7)
Age of household head, years	−0.1 (−0.1 to −0.0)	−0.0 (−0.1 to 0.0)
Sex of household head
Female	Reference	Reference
Male	−0.6 (−2.5 to 1.4)	0.5 (−1.4 to 2.3)
Education level of household head
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−1.5 (−4.0 to 1.0)	0.1 (−1.8 to 2.0)
Secondary	−3.4 (−6.4 to −0.3)	−1.4 (−3.7 to 1.0)
Higher	−4.8 (−7.6 to −2.1)	−2.2 (−4.8 to 0.5)
Household size	0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3)	0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2)
Age of mother, years	−0.2 (−0.4 to −0.1)	−0.1 (−0.2 to 0.0)
Education level of mother
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−4.5 (−7.4 to −1.5)	−2.9 (−4.6 to −1.2)
Secondary	−5.1 (−8.4 to −1.9)	−3.4 (−5.1 to −1.7)
Higher	−7.7 (−10.8 to −4.6)	−4.3 (−6.1 to −2.4)
Education level of father
None	Reference	Reference
Primary	−2.0 (−6.1 to 2.0)	−2.1 (−4.4 to 0.1)
Secondary	−1.7 (−5.7 to 2.2)	−1.4 (−4.0 to 1.2)
Higher	−1.8 (−5.1 to 1.6)	−1.4 (−3.7 to 0.9)

CI: confidence interval; E. coli: Escherichia coli.