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. 2025 Sep 15;12:1679991. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1679991

Table 2.

Choice behavior.

Group Smell (mean across all trials ± SD) Smell (total in first trial) Side (mean across all trials ± SD) Side (total in first trial)
Experimental Smell 1 (neutral)
44% ± 16%
Smell 1 (neutral)
n = 18
Left
50% ± 30%
Left
n = 26
Smell 2 (fear)
46% ± 17%
Smell 2 (fear)
n = 23
Right
40% ± 29%
Right
n = 15
No choice
10% ± 18%
Dogs showing bias
(>80%) 45%
Preference
Smell 2 > Smell 1
2% ± 27%
Preference for one side over the other
47% ± 32%
Control Smell 1 (neutral)
44% ± 13%
Smell 1 (neutral)
n = 7
Left
35% ± 27%
Left
n = 7
Smell 2 (neutral)
50% ± 16%
Smell 2 (neutral)
n = 13
Right
59% ± 29%
Right
n = 13
No choice
6% ± 11%
Dogs showing bias (≥80%) 36%
Preference
Smell 2 > Smell 1
6% ± 26%
Preference for one side over the other
47% ± 36%

Summary of dogs’ choice behavior in the experimental and control group for a certain side or smell in the first trial and across all trials.