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. 2025 Jan 3;90(1):304–330. doi: 10.1017/psy.2024.17

Table 2.

Average (mean) and median (med) computation times (in seconds) for the different models in the 16 conditions

Condition Rotate Lasso (ortho) Lasso (obli)
Mean Med Mean Med Mean Med
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 46283.61 45216.68 57253.41 54403.83 68838.00 68667.01
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 58324.05 53068.87 58462.86 50916.01 72311.45 56909.65
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 47302.36 47547.84 92965.29 85280.05 102951.27 99220.47
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 48059.90 36611.60 51141.60 49861.19 86535.05 76092.09
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 52099.54 51481.72 68512.43 67672.44 87602.04 83895.90
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 61413.70 42997.00 55539.63 56794.52 92688.53 84882.30
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 59194.82 60043.06 91861.01 87082.48 150744.07 144386.86
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 42349.63 33879.25 53489.87 51615.20 127026.13 115657.41
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 108298.80 97179.92 106282.62 100873.23 135246.50 130528.46
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 128602.85 103645.72 95848.96 89897.84 130119.02 114287.96
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 125037.58 103165.51 124297.37 106175.32 158021.63 142434.77
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 100351.37 85896.33 88783.71 77286.90 170419.37 161424.27
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 121959.14 102129.61 130078.07 124749.49 189087.04 175435.80
Inline graphic , Simple, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 93551.76 77246.24 101061.76 90799.99 174620.27 155440.97
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 136516.21 128835.08 165670.78 167072.77 231389.87 206651.94
Inline graphic , Complex, Inline graphic , Inline graphic 100963.79 88346.76 120748.39 121954.97 218278.40 208264.54

Note: Note that the lasso models include hyperparameter tuning, and thus multiple model fits in one instance, but for the first hyperparameter grid value, the rotate fit parameter estimates were used as start values (yielding a 1-iteration run of the algorithm). obli = oblique (latent traits are a priori assumed to be correlated). ortho = orthogonal (latent traits are a priori assumed to be orthogonal). L = number of latent traits. Inline graphic = true latent trait correlation. m = number of items per trait.