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. 2025 Sep 29;20(9):e0333422. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0333422

Table 5. Regression parameter estimation and diagnosis of multicollinearity. This table presents the unstandardized and standardized regression coefficients, significance tests, and multicollinearity diagnostics. Several variables show variance inflation factors (VIFs) greater than 5, eigenvalues close to zero, and condition indices above 10, confirming the presence of multicollinearity.

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics
B Std.Error Beta VIF Eigenvalues Condition Index
Constant Term 0.62 0.142 4.36 ***0.000 9.65 1.00
EC 0.19 0.04 0.18 4.56 ***0.000 4.56 0.25 6.18
UAV-EC 0.11 0.04 0.12 2.84 **0.005 4.88 0.02 20.54
PU 0.15 0.04 0.16 3.63 ***0.000 5.48 0.02 22.93
PEOU 0.16 0.03 0.16 4.50 ***0.000 3.65 0.01 27.45
PR −0.12 0.02 −0.14 −5.55 ***0.000 1.75 0.01 29.31
HS 0.06 0.04 0.06 1.39 0.166 5.56 0.01 31.06
PS 0.05 0.04 0.05 1.21 0.228 5.38 0.01 34.06
SN 0.10 0.04 0.10 2.50 **0.013 4.08 0.01 35.61
SP 0.09 0.04 0.08 2.09 **0.037 4.57 0.01 37.99