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. 2025 Sep 16;16:1640725. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1640725

Table 4.

Association of SHR with all-cause death, CVD death, and MACE by glucose status.

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
HR (95%CI) P value HR (95%CI) P value HR (95%CI) P value
All death
 NGR
  SHR 14.38 (4.26 - 48.55) <0.001 12.52 (3.36 - 46.66) <0.001 1.43 (0.12 - 17.70) 0.780
  T1
  T2 0.37 (0.14 - 0.99) 0.047 0.63 (0.23 - 1.72) 0.368 0.46 (0.12 - 1.83) 0.271
  T3 0.79 (0.33 - 1.91) 0.607 1.34 (0.55 - 3.23) 0.517 0.85 (0.24 - 2.93) 0.791
 Pre-DM
  SHR 3.97 (1.62 - 9.70) 0.003 4.19 (1.73 - 10.11) 0.001 2.50 (0.55 - 11.43) 0.238
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.76 (0.48 - 1.19) 0.228 0.92 (0.59 - 1.45) 0.734 1.22 (0.67 - 2.21) 0.521
  T3 1.37 (0.87 - 2.15) 0.171 1.55 (0.99 - 2.44) 0.057 1.60 (0.81 - 3.14) 0.173
 DM
  SHR 2.54 (1.83 - 3.52) <0.001 2.41 (1.73 - 3.34) <0.001 2.51 (1.52 - 4.15) <0.001
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.89 (0.67 - 1.18) 0.423 0.95 (0.71 - 1.26) 0.717 1.00 (0.66 - 1.51) 0.994
  T3 1.52 (1.21 - 1.91) <0.001 1.56 (1.24 - 1.97) <0.001 1.50 (1.07 - 2.11) 0.019
CVD death
 NGR
  SHR 54.06 (11.78 - 248.2) <0.001 93.44 (14.62 - 597.4) <0.001
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2
  T3
 Pre-DM
  SHR 6.14 (1.71 - 22.08) 0.005 4.30 (1.23 - 15.05) 0.022 6.28 (0.80 - 49.35) 0.081
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.74 (0.29 - 1.86) 0.518 0.89 (0.35 - 2.24) 0.801 1.20 (0.36 - 4.00) 0.771
  T3 2.34 (1.03 - 5.29) 0.042 2.56 (1.13 - 5.83) 0.025 2.67 (0.81 - 8.82) 0.106
 DM
  SHR 3.53 (1.95 - 6.38) <0.001 3.26 (1.79 - 5.93) <0.001 2.75 (1.04 - 7.28) 0.042
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.69 (0.36 - 1.34) 0.276 0.74 (0.38 - 1.42) 0.362 0.75 (0.30 - 1.84) 0.523
  T3 2.11 (1.33 - 3.33) 0.001 2.14 (1.35 - 3.39) 0.001 1.97 (1.03 - 3.80) 0.042
MACE
 NGR
  SHR 4.64 (1.79 - 12.04) 0.002 5.04 (1.94 - 13.10) 0.001 1.70 (0.42 - 6.79) 0.455
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.79 (0.41 - 1.52) 0.473 0.98 (0.50 - 1.89) 0.942 0.90 (0.39 - 2.06) 0.803
  T3 0.97 (0.52 - 1.84) 0.937 1.27 (0.67 - 2.41) 0.463 0.99 (0.44 - 2.21) 0.974
 Pre-DM
  SHR 1.60 (0.80 - 3.18) 0.183 1.86 (0.96 - 3.60) 0.065 1.60 (0.80 - 3.18) 0.183
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.85 (0.65 - 1.09) 0.198 0.96 (0.75 - 1.25) 0.778 1.12 (0.83 - 1.53) 0.455
  T3 0.98 (0.74 - 1.31) 0.911 1.10 (0.83 - 1.47) 0.516 1.12 (0.77 - 1.62) 0.550
 DM
  SHR 1.68 (1.29 - 2.18) <0.001 1.63 (1.25 - 2.11) <0.001 1.68 (1.29 - 2.18) <0.001
  T1 Ref. Ref. Ref.
  T2 0.87 (0.72 - 1.05) 0.145 0.91 (0.75 - 1.09) 0.305 0.95 (0.75 - 1.22) 0.711
  T3 1.23 (1.05 - 1.44) 0.011 1.27 (1.08 - 1.48) 0.003 1.26 (1.01 - 1.56) 0.038

Model 1: univariate model; Model 2: adjust for age, and sex; Model 3: adjust for age, sex, BMI, SBP, smoking, drinking, ACS, TC, LDL-c, eGFR, and HR.

SHR, stress hyperglycemia ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; NGR, normal glucose regulation; pre-DM, prediabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; HR,hazard ratio.