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. 2025 Sep 29;35:41. doi: 10.1038/s41533-025-00446-6

Table 2.

Cross-sectional association between PEF / predicted PEF % and sensory impairments in 2011.

Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4
OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value P for trend
VI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.992 (0.846, 1.163) 0.920 0.796 (0.682, 0.929) 0.004* 0.548 (0.473, 0.636) <0.001* 0.812 (0.774, 0.852) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.100 (0.935, 1.295) 0.251 0.964 (0.820, 1.134) 0.657 0.754 (0.635, 0.894) 0.001* 0.906 (0.857, 0.958) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.102 (0.935, 1.300) 0.246 0.947 (0.804, 1.115) 0.510 0.726 (0.612, 0.862) <0.001* 0.894 (0.846, 0.945) <0.001*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.947 (0.806, 1.112) 0.505 0.757 (0.648, 0.886) <0.001* 0.512 (0.440, 0.595) <0.001* 0.794 (0.757, 0.834) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.962 (0.815, 1.135) 0.646 0.829 (0.703, 0.979) 0.027* 0.568 (0.480, 0.673) <0.001* 0.831 (0.787, 0.878) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.929 (0.786, 1.098) 0.390 0.780 (0.661, 0.921) 0.003* 0.564 (0.478, 0.667) <0.001* 0.829 (0.786, 0.874) <0.001*
DVI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.892 (0.778, 1.023) 0.104 0.679 (0.593, 0.777) <0.001* 0.502 (0.439, 0.574) <0.001* 0.790 (0.757, 0.825) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.999 (0.867, 1.150) 0.988 0.846 (0.734, 0.975) 0.021* 0.718 (0.615, 0.837) <0.001* 0.891 (0.849, 0.936) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.995 (0.863, 1.148) 0.948 0.825 (0.715, 0.952) 0.008* 0.697 (0.597, 0.813) <0.001* 0.881 (0.839, 0.926) <0.001*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.739 (0.642, 0.850) <0.001* 0.576 (0.502, 0.661) <0.001* 0.394 (0.344, 0.452) <0.001* 0.737 (0.706, 0.769) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.740 (0.641, 0.855) <0.001* 0.605 (0.523, 0.700) <0.001* 0.426 (0.365, 0.496) <0.001* 0.759 (0.723, 0.797) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.715 (0.617, 0.828) <0.001* 0.567 (0.490, 0.657) <0.001* 0.422 (0.362, 0.491) <0.001* 0.755 (0.719, 0.791) <0.001*
NVI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 1.026 (0.894, 1.179) 0.714 0.891 (0.777, 1.022) 0.100 0.634 (0.554, 0.725) <0.001* 0.859 (0.822, 0.896) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.099 (0.954, 1.267) 0.190 1.025 (0.888, 1.184) 0.734 0.810 (0.694, 0.945) 0.007* 0.935 (0.890, 0.983) 0.008*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.104 (0.957, 1.274) 0.175 1.010 (0.874, 1.167) 0.896 0.779 (0.667, 0.909) 0.002* 0.922 (0.878, 0.969) 0.001*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 1.093 (0.950, 1.258) 0.214 0.827 (0.721, 0.949) 0.007* 0.639 (0.558, 0.731) <0.001* 0.848 (0.812, 0.885) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.084 (0.939, 1.253) 0.270 0.884 (0.764, 1.022) 0.096 0.709 (0.609, 0.825) <0.001* 0.887 (0.844, 0.931) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.073 (0.927, 1.242) 0.348 0.834 (0.721, 0.965) 0.015* 0.680 (0.584, 0.790) <0.001* 0.872 (0.831, 0.914) <0.001*
HI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.863 (0.758, 0.982) 0.026* 0.720 (0.632, 0.820) <0.001* 0.606 (0.532, 0.690) <0.001* 0.845 (0.811, 0.880) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.940 (0.822, 1.074) 0.363 0.857 (0.748, 0.983) 0.027* 0.777 (0.669, 0.903) 0.001* 0.919 (0.877, 0.964) 0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.946 (0.827, 1.084) 0.425 0.857 (0.746, 0.983) 0.028* 0.769 (0.662, 0.894) 0.001* 0.916 (0.873, 0.961) <0.001*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.778 (0.682, 0.887) <0.001* 0.603 (0.529, 0.688) <0.001* 0.462 (0.405, 0.527) <0.001* 0.773 (0.742, 0.806) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.776 (0.677, 0.888) <0.001* 0.624 (0.543, 0.717) <0.001* 0.469 (0.405, 0.544) <0.001* 0.780 (0.744, 0.818) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.795 (0.692, 0.913) 0.001* 0.623 (0.542, 0.717) <0.001* 0.450 (0.388, 0.522) <0.001* 0.770 (0.735, 0.806) <0.001*
SSI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.940 (0.779, 1.135) 0.520 0.834 (0.692, 1.004) 0.055 0.614 (0.512, 0.737) <0.001* 0.853 (0.805, 0.904) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.006 (0.832, 1.218) 0.948 0.951 (0.783, 1.154) 0.608 0.763 (0.621, 0.938) 0.010* 0.920 (0.861, 0.983) 0.013*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.019 (0.837, 1.241) 0.850 0.937 (0.767, 1.144) 0.523 0.784 (0.632, 0.972) 0.026* 0.924 (0.862, 0.990) 0.024*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 1.127 (0.930, 1.365) 0.222 0.801 (0.665, 0.966) 0.020* 0.655 (0.544, 0.788) <0.001* 0.850 (0.801, 0.901) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.156 (0.951, 1.406) 0.146 0.868 (0.713, 1.057) 0.159 0.705 (0.571, 0.869) 0.001* 0.880 (0.822, 0.941) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.115 (0.913, 1.362) 0.285 0.888 (0.724, 1.089) 0.254 0.785 (0.629, 0.980) 0.033* 0.915 (0.853, 0.981) 0.013*
DSI
PEF
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.915 (0.760, 1.102) 0.348 0.677 (0.565, 0.812) <0.001* 0.446 (0.375, 0.531) <0.001* 0.758 (0.717, 0.802) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 1.066 (0.879, 1.292) 0.518 0.881 (0.728, 1.067) 0.194 0.669 (0.546, 0.819) <0.001* 0.870 (0.815, 0.928) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 1.098 (0.901, 1.338) 0.356 0.905 (0.743, 1.102) 0.319 0.708 (0.574, 0.873) 0.001* 0.884 (0.826, 0.945) <0.001*
PEF % predicted
 Mode 0 1.000 (reference) 0.771 (0.635, 0.935) 0.008* 0.566 (0.469, 0.682) <0.001* 0.349 (0.291, 0.418) <0.001* 0.702 (0.663, 0.744) <0.001*
 Mode 1 1.000 (reference) 0.792 (0.649, 0.967) 0.022* 0.623 (0.512, 0.759) <0.001* 0.386 (0.316, 0.472) <0.001* 0.732 (0.686, 0.781) <0.001*
 Mode 2 1.000 (reference) 0.806 (0.656, 0.990) 0.040 0.657 (0.536, 0.806) <0.001* 0.458 (0.371, 0.565) <0.001* 0.775 (0.725, 0.829) <0.001*

Model 0: Model 0: Unadjusted for any variables.

Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking, marital status, education level, place of residence, and body mass index (BMI) Model 2: Further adjusted for hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and diabetes, in addition to the adjustments in Model 1.

PEF peak expiratory flow, VI visual impairment, DVI distance vision impairment, NVI near vision impairment, HI hearing impairment, Non-SI non-sensory impairment, SSI single sensory impairment, DSI dual sensory impairment.

*p < 0.05.