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. 2025 Sep 29;15:33700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-18944-5

Table 7.

Performance metrics evaluation of ML models.

Attributes R2 MAE MSE RMSE
Multilinear regression model
Tensile strength 0.953 0.823 1.306 1.142
Flexural strength 0.775 0.284 1.117 1.056
Impact strength 0.801 0.834 1.093 1.045
Hardness 0.835 0.862 1.303 1.141
Decision tree regression model
Tensile strength -7.006 4.500 23.140 4.810
Flexural strength -2.677 1.800 4.450 2.109
Impact strength -16.537 3.050 9.856 3.139
Hardness -9.817 2.350 6.085 2.466
Random forest regression model
Tensile strength 0.968 0.829 0.906 0.951
Flexural strength 0.939 0.489 0.299 0.546
Impact strength 0.941 0.510 0.325 0.570
Hardness 0.962 0.504 0.294 0.542