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. 2025 Sep 29;16:8579. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-63583-z

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A Peak-to-peak voltage of signals (Vpp)was significantly higher in the DEXSPPIN group compared to the PIN and Free DEXSP groups during the first four weeks of the study, no significant difference between the DEXSPPIN and DILUENT groups. B Significantly higher noise levels were observed in the DEXSPPIN group compared to the DILUENT and Free DEXSP groups during the first four weeks. No significant difference was observed between the DEXSPPIN and PIN groups. C Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was significantly lower in the DEXSPPIN group compared to the DILUENT group in both study phases. SNR was significantly lower in the PIN group compared to the DILUENT and Free DEXSP groups. D Spike rate was significantly lower in the PIN group compared to the Free DEXSP group. No significant difference in spike rate was observed between DEXSPPIN and DILUENT groups in either phase. The sample size for A–D was determined by the total number of active channels across animals in each group over the entire phase: n = 93 for W1–4 DEXSPPIN, n = 51 for W5–8 DEXSPPIN, n = 77 for W1–4 PIN, n = 43 for W5–8 PIN, n = 81 for W1–4 DILUENT, n = 38 for W5–8 DILUENT, n = 86 for W1–4 Free DEXSP, and n = 30 for W5–8 Free DEXSP. Significance level is denotated as p < 0.0001 = ****, p < 0.001 = ***, p < 0.01 = **; p < 0.05 = *.