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. 2025 Sep 30;15(43):36237–36248. doi: 10.1039/d5ra03505h

Table 4. Optimization of reaction conditions for aerobic dehydrogenation of 1,4-dihydropyridines with CuMnFe-LDHzymea.

graphic file with name d5ra03505h-u22.jpg
Entry Mediator (mol%) Amount of CuMnFe-LDHzyme Temperature (°C) Solvent Yield (%)
1 — 130 50 CH3CN 55
2 DDQ (5) 130 50 CH3CN 55
3 4-Phenyl urazole (5) 110 50 CH3CN 58
4 DDQ (10) 130 50 CH 3 CN 95
5 4-Phenyl urazole (10) 110 50 CH 3 CN 95
6 DDQ (10) — 50 CH3CN 45
7 4-Phenyl urazole (10) — 50 CH3CN Trace
8 DDQ (10) 100 50 CH3CN 70
9 DDQ (10) 120 50 CH3CN 83
10 4-Phenyl urazole (10) 100 50 CH3CN 85
11 DDQ (10) 130 50 H2O 35
12 DDQ (10) 130 50 DMSO 45
13 4-Phenyl urazole (10) 110 50 H2O 37
14 4-Phenyl urazole (10) 110 50 DMSO 60
15 DDQ (10) 130 40 CH3CN 70
16 4-Phenyl urazole (10) 110 40 CH3CN 60
a

Reaction conditions: CuMnFe-LDHzyme (130 mg), substrate (1 mmol), mediator (10 mol%), solvent (3 mL), molecular oxygen (balloon) 20 h; the bold represented the most effective reaction conditions.