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. 2025 Sep 30;25:1448. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14905-3

Table 2.

The baseline of included studies

Characteristic CVD Studies RR/MD (95% CI) Heterogeneity
Age, mean (SD), y
 64.7 (12.8) Yes 11 MD = 0.34[−0.17, 0.84]; P = 0.19 I²=100%
 46.6 (16.1) No 11
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2
 24.8 (4.2) Yes 5 MD = 0.09[−0.08, 0.26]; P = 0.30 I²=98%
 26.4 (5.1) No 5
Gender, number (%)
 Male 8,359,011 (4.9) Yes 8 RR = 1.02[0.93, 1.11]; P = 0.22 I²=99%
 Female 6,974,096 (4.1) Yes 8
 Male 73,154,350 (43.2) No 8
 Female 80,943,661 (47.8) No 8
Smoke, number (%)
 Yes 8,797 (9.0) Yes 4 RR = 1.13[0.92, 1.40]; P = 0.22 I²=99%
 No 13,856 (14.1) Yes 4
 Yes 59,056 (60.3) No 4
 No 16,263 (16.6) No 4
Alcohol, number (%)
 Yes 5,551 (9.0) Yes 2 RR = 0.87[0.70, 1.08]; P = 0.21 I²=99%
 No 12,591 (20.5) Yes 2
 Yes 28,162 (45.9) No 2
 No 15,070 (24.6) No 2
Diabetes, number (%)
 Yes 40,239 (6.7) Yes 6 RR = 1.88[1.22, 2.90]; P = 0.0042 I²=99%
 No 119,150 (19.8) Yes 6
 Yes 59,451 (9.9) No 6
 No 382,289 (63.6) No 6
Hypertension, number (%)
 Yes 73,145 (12.2) Yes 5 RR = 1.35[1.09, 1.68]; P = 0.0058 I²=99%
 No 86,000 (14.3) Yes 5
 Yes 160,703 (26.8) No 5
 No 279,892 (46.7) No 5
CKD, number (%)
 Yes 15,960 (1.5) Yes 2 RR = 3.03[1.18, 7.77]; P = 0.02 I²=99%
 No 168,395 (16.2) Yes 2
 Yes 14,366 (1.4) No 2
 No 839,071 (80.9) No 2
Family History of CRC, number (%)
 Yes 136 (0.5) Yes 2 RR = 0.94[0.80, 1.12]; P = 0.49 I²=0
 No 1,490 (5.2) Yes 2
 Yes 2,515 (8.7) No 2
 No 24,614 (85.6) No 2
Get married, number (%)
 Yes 8,905,798 (5.3) Yes 2 RR = 0.97[0.85, 1.11]; P = 0.66 I²=99%
 No 6,245,704 (3.7) Yes 2
 Yes 86,855,102 (51.6) No 2
 No 66,462,936 (51.6) No 2
Education upon College number (%)
 Yes 7,375,136 (4.4) Yes 2 RR = 0.78[0.73, 0.83]; P < 0.0001 I²=89%
 No 7,776,366 (4.6) Yes 2
 Yes 98,471,081 (58.5) No 2
 No 54,846,957 (32.5) No 2
Pathological Stage, number (%)
 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 111 (21.3) Yes 3 RR = 0.94[0.74, 1.19]; P = 0.61 I²=31%
 Ⅲ+Ⅳ 156 (30.0) Yes 3
 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 113 (21.7) No 3
 Ⅲ+Ⅳ 140 (27.0) No 3
Number of Lymph Node Dissection, mean (SD)
 17.6 (4.6) Yes 3 MD= −0.02[−0.31, 0.27]; P = 0.89 I²=63%
 17.7 (4.0) No 3
Location, number (%)
 Colon 1,011 (10.9) Yes 3 RR = 1.13[1.09, 1.16]; P = 0 I²=0
 Rectal 334 (3.6) Yes 3
 Colon 5,476 (59.0) No 3
 Rectal 2,456 (26.5) No 3

Abbreviations: SD, Standard Deviation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, Body Mass Index; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease