Table 1.

Summary of Key Characteristics and Cargo of Therapeutical EVs

EVs Source	Main Cargo	Functional
MSCs	miR-21, miR-146a, GDNF, VEGF, IL-10	Immunomodulation, Schwann cell support, axon growth
Schwann cell	miR-223, miR-199a, MBP, NGF	Myelination, axon elongation, remyelination
Endothelial cell	miR-126, miR-199a-5p, Netrin-1, angiopoietin-1	Angiogenesis, repair-related Schwann cell activation
Platelet-rich	TGF-β, HGF, IGF-1, miR-20b-3p	MSC activation, reduced apoptosis, enhanced neurotrophic signaling
Fibroblast	Rps5, miR-181, lncRNA Ftx/Miat	ECM remodeling, scar inhibition, axonal regeneration