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. 2025 Sep 17;13:1681282. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1681282

TABLE 3.

Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) of microwave transparent.

Material Temperature (°C) Frequency (GHz) Dielectric properties References
ε′ ε″ tan δ
Silicon 25 1 4.3 <0.05 <0.0116 Meredith (1998)
Alumina 590 2.54 10.37 0.027 0.0026 Bhattacharya and Basak (2016)
980 2.54 11.06 0.15 0.01356
1,340 2.54 11.64 0.74 0.06412
Fused silica 25 5.5 N/A N/A <0.0003 Durka et al. (2009)
1,165 5.5 N/A N/A 0.01
Glass 25 3 4.82 0.026 0.0054 Durka et al. (2009)

*N/A = not available in the reference.