Table 3.
Poisson regression results
| Variable Name | Model 4 Drug Death Rate |
Model 5 Opioid Death Rate |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) |
SE | IRR | SE | |
| Death Penalty |
0.87 (0.58–1.30) |
0.18 |
0.59 (0.30–1.16) |
0.20 |
| Civil War Affiliation | ||||
| Confederacy (Base) | ||||
| Unincorporated |
0.79 (0.40–1.54) |
0.27 |
1.14 (0.49–2.64) |
0.49 |
| Union |
1.33 (0.88–2.01) |
0.28 |
1.72 (0.88–3.37) |
0.59 |
| Border |
0.74 (0.35–1.57) |
0.28 |
1.91 (0.67–5.43) |
1.02 |
| Median Household Income |
1.00 (0.00–0.00) |
0.00 |
1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
0.00 |
| Urbanicity | ||||
| Large Central Metro (Base) | ||||
| Large Fringe Metro |
0.79 (0.40–1.54) |
0.27 |
0.47* (0.22-1.00) |
0.18 |
| Medium Metro |
1.39 (0.85–2.28) |
0.35 |
0.93 (0.44-2.00) |
0.36 |
| Small Metro |
2.23** (1.30–3.81) |
0.61 |
0.75 (0.32–1.75) |
0.32 |
| Micropolitan |
4.56*** (2.41–8.63) |
1.48 |
2.04 (0.69–6.02) |
1.13 |
| Non-core |
2.44 (0.37–16.29) |
2.36 |
3.27 (0.51–20.84) |
3.09 |
| Overcrowded | ||||
| Not Overcrowded (Base) | ||||
| Overcrowded |
1.09 (0.78–1.53) |
0.19 |
0.83 (0.46–1.48) |
0.25 |
| Facility Security Level | ||||
| Minimum (Base) | ||||
| Medium |
2.65* (1.08–6.48) |
1.21 |
3.70 (0.47–29.34) |
3.91 |
| Max |
3.13 (0.95–10.35) |
1.91 |
2.58 (0.27–24.67) |
2.97 |
| Opioid Dispense Rate |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
0.00 |
1.00 (1.00-1.01) |
0.00 |
| Hospital Distance | ||||
| Less than 1 Mile (Base) | ||||
| 1–2 Miles |
0.79 (0.50–1.23) |
0.18 |
0.71 (0.36–1.39) |
0.25 |
| More than 2 Miles |
0.77 (0.51–1.17) |
0.16 |
1.06 (0.56–2.01) |
0.35 |
| Facility Construction | ||||
| Before Crime Bill (Base) | ||||
| After Crime Bill |
1.09 (0.76–1.56) |
0.20 |
0.87 (0.48–1.59) |
0.27 |
| Medicaid Expansion Early | ||||
| No (Base) | ||||
| Yes |
1.21 (0.81–1.80) |
0.21 |
1.18 (0.54–2.61) |
0.48 |
| Distance to Bus | ||||
| Less than 1 Mile (Base) | ||||
| 1–2 Miles |
1.05 (0.58–1.89) |
0.32 |
0.90 (0.34–2.41) |
0.45 |
| More than 2 Miles |
1.66** (1.16–2.36) |
0.30 |
1.82* (1.09–3.04) |
0.48 |
| Distance to Highway | ||||
| Less than 1 Mile (Base) | ||||
| 1–2 Miles |
0.90 (0.59–1.37) |
0.19 |
1.07 (0.50–2.29) |
0.41 |
| More than 2 Miles |
0.86 (0.50–1.46) |
0.23 |
1.21 (0.55–2.65) |
0.48 |
| Year |
1.14*** (1.07–1.21) |
0.03 |
1.18*** (1.08–1.30) |
0.06 |
| Constant | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Note. ***P < .001. **P < .01. *P < .05.; IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio; SE = Standard Error; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval