Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis on factors related to virological recovery among HIV patients on ART (n = 7689)
| Characteristics | Virological Response | COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recovered | Not recovered | ||||||
| Gender |
Female male |
4594 (92.7) 2392 (87.5) |
361 (7.3) 342 (12.5) |
1.86 (1.61–2.15) Ref. |
< 0.001 | 4.24 (2.97–6.03) | < 0.001 |
| Age at ART initiation |
> 46 years 16–30 years 31–45 years 1–15 years |
722 (92.7) 2999 (89.3) 2809 (96.1) 456 (72.7) |
57 (7.3) 361 (10.7) 114 (3.9) 171 (27.3) |
1.19 (0.92–1.55) 0.55 (0.42–0.74) 3.70 (2.77–4.94) Ref (1) |
0.17 < 0.001 < 0.001 |
1.13 (0.62–2.1) 2.16 (1.31–3.57) 0.66 (0.38–1.13) Ref. |
0.68 0.002 0.13 |
| Participants current age |
> 53 years 19–35 years 36–52 years 3–18 years |
2316 (94.6) 1064 (83.6) 3169 (92.8) 437 (79.3) |
133 (5.4) 209 (16.4) 247 (7.2) 114 (20.7) |
Ref. 3.02 (2.43–3.75) 1.40 (1.14–1.71) 4.44 (3.45–5.72) |
< 0.001 0.001 < 0.001 |
Ref. 7.37 (3.81–7.01) 8.74 (0.85–1.47) 14.7 (5.24–41.) |
0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 |
| Time duration on ART |
> 13 years 4–6 years 7–9 years 10–12 years 6 months to 3 years |
2523 (92.3) 987 (89.6) 1291 (91.9) 1786 (89.5) 399 (87.5) |
209 (7.7) 114 (10.4) 114 (8.1) 209 (10.5) 57 (12.5) |
Ref. 1.39 (1.01–1.77) 1.07 (0.84–1.35) 1.41 (1.15–1.72) 1.72 (1.26–2.35) |
0.007 0.59 0.001 0.001 |
Ref. 1.18 (0.75–1.85) 2.21 (1.41–3.46) 0.71 (0.47–1.04) 4.94 (2.89–8.43) |
0.46 0.001 0.077 < 0.001 |
| WHO stage at base line |
T3/T4 T1/T2 |
4158 (93.2) 2828 (87.6) |
304 (6.8) 399 (12.4) |
Ref. 1. 93 (1.65–2.25) |
< 0.001 |
Ref. 3.91 (2.96–5.16) |
< 0.001 |
| Most recent WHO stage |
T3/T4 T1/T2 |
778 (87.2) 6208 (91.3) |
114 (12.8) 589 (8.7) |
Ref. 1.54 (1.24–1.91) |
< 0.001 |
Ref. 2.87 (1.16–7.11) |
< 0.001 |
| Current ART regiment |
2nd line 1st line |
627 (8.3) 6897 (91.7) |
95 (11. 6) 722 (88.4) |
Ref. 1.47 (1.15–1.82) |
0.002 |
- 1.57 (0.94–2.61) |
0.083 |
| ART adherence |
Poor (< 85%) Fair (85–95%) Good (> 95%) |
437 (74.2) 1290 (88.3) 5259 (93.3) |
152 (24.8) 171 (11.7) 380 (6.7) |
Ref. 4.81 (3.89–5.95) 1.83 (1.51–2.20) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
Ref (1) 4.11 (3.13–5.41) 0.80 (0. 61–1.07) |
< 0.001 0.14 |
| History of lost to follow-up (LTF) |
Yes No |
1651 (87) 5335 (92.1) |
247 (13) 456 (7.9) |
Ref. 1.75 (1.48–2.06) |
< 0.001 | 5.80 (3. 64–9.17) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline-CD4 count |
< 200 cells/ mm3 201–500 cells/ mm3 > 501 cells/ mm3 |
1915 (90.2) 4046 (90.6) 987 (92.9) |
209 (9.8) 418 (9.4) 76 (7.1) |
Ref. 1.41 (1.07–1.86) 1.34 (1.04–1.73) |
Ref. 0.35 0.059 |
3.93 (2.05–7.52) 5.04 (2.07–12.29) |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
| Most-recent CD4 count | < 200 cells/ mm3 | 740 (78) | 209 (22) | - | - | - | - |
| 201–500 cells/ mm3 | 3739 (93.4) | 266 (6.6) | - | - | - | - | |
| > 501 cells/ mm3 | 2469 (91.5) | 228 (8.5) | - | - | - | - | |
| Adult base line ART drug combination |
1a (d4T + 3TC + NVP) 1b (d4T + 3TC + EFV 1c (AZT + 3TC + NVP) 1d (AZT + 3TC + EFV) 1e (TDF + 3TC + EFV) 1f (TDF + 3TC + NVP) |
1422 (91.4) 133 (100) 2240 (94.4) 342 (85.7) 2108 (91) 418 (95.7) |
113 (8. 6) - 133 (5.6) 57 (14.3) 209 (9.0) 19 (4.3) |
2.05 (1.25–3.36) - 1.31 (0.79–-2.13) 3.66 (2.14–6.28) 2.18 (1.34–3.52) Ref. |
0.004 - 0.28 < 0.001 0.001 |
1.45 (0.84–2.49) - 0.98 (0.57–1.70) 2.34 (1.23–4. 65) 1.98 (1.17–3.37) |
0.17 0.95 0.01 0.01 |
| Dose ART 1st drug combination changed? |
Yes No |
5485 (92.3) 1501 (85.9) |
456 (7.7) 247 (14.1) |
Ref (1) 1.97 (1.67–2.33) |
< 0.001 |
Ref. 1.32 (0.16–10.6) |
0.79 |
| Reason why ART primary (1st ) drug combination is changed? | Side effect/ Toxicity | 285 (83.3) | 57 (16.7) | Ref (1) | Ref. | ||
| Availability of new drugs | 4164 (96.9) | 133 (3.1) | 0.16 (0.15–0.23) | < 0.001 | 2.84 (1.45–5.56) | 0.002 | |
| Drug stock-out | 323 (84.8) | 58 (15.2) | 0.89 (0.60–1.38) | 0.59 | 1.46 (0.82–2.58) | 0.189 | |
| Due to TB co-infection | 56 (74.7) | 19 (25.3) | 1.69 (0.93–3.07) | 0.081 | 1.73 (0.83–3. 61) | 0.144 | |
| Treatment failure | 617 (89) | 76 (11) | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | 0.010 | - | 0.98 | |
| Age transition to adult hood | 57 (33.3) | 114 (66.7) | 10.0 (6.52–15.3)- | < 0.001 | 22.2 (9.03–54.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Increase in BMI | 19 (100) | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Current ART drug combination for all |
1 J (TDF + 3TC + DTG) 1f (TDF + 3TC + NVP) 1e (TDF + 3TC + EFV) 1d (AZT + 3TC + EFV) 2f (AZT + 3TC + ATV/r) 1c (AZT + 3TC + NVP) 1a (d4T + 3TC + NVP) ABC + 3TC + DTG 2 h (TDF + 3TC + ATV/r) |
4023 (97.2) 57 (100) 1823 (86.5) 171 (60) 475 (89.3) 228 (70.6) 19 (100) 76 (80) 114 (85.7) |
114 (2.8) 0 (0) 285 (13.5) 114 (40) 57 (10.7) 95 (29.4) 0 (0) 19 (20) 19 (14.3) |
Ref (1) - 5.51 (4.41–6.90) 23.5 (17.4–31.8) 4.23 (3.04–5.90) 14.7 (10.8–19.9) - 8.82 (5.16–15.0) 5.88 (3.49–9.89) |
- < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 - < 0.001 < 0.001 |
Ref. - 6.87 (4.41–10.7) 15.3 (7.99–29.4) 2.95 (1.31–6. 67) 27.1 (14.9–49.2) - 0.95 (0.45–1.98) 3.40 (1.24–9.31) |
0.99 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.009 < 0.001 0.99 0.89 0.017 |
| Child 1st line drug combination | 4a (d4T + 3TC + NVP) | 95 (83.3) | 19 (16.7) | Ref (1) | - | - | |
| 4b (d4T + 3TC + EFV) | 57 (60) | 38 (40) | 3.33 (1.75–6.32) | < 0.001 | - | - | |
| 4c (AZT + 3TC + NVP) | 133 (77.8) | 38 (22.2) | 1.43 (0.77–2.63) | 0.25 | - | - | |
| 4d (AZT + 3TC + EFV) | 38 (40) | 57 (60) | 7.50 (3.59–14.2) | < 0.001 | - | - | |
| Maternal condition (female participants) | Non-pregnant | 4423 (92.8) | 342 (7.2) | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) | < 0.001 | - | - |
| Pregnant | 57 (75) | 19 (25) | 2.56 (1.51–4.37) | 0.001 | - | - | |
| Lactating mother | 19 (50) | 19 (50) | 7.70 (4.03–14. 6) | < 0.001 | - | - | |
| Not applicable D | 2314 (37.4) | 496 (33) | Ref. | ||||
| Viral load after 24 weeks on ART |
≥ 1000cps/mL < 1000 cps/mL |
512 (47.3) 6474 (98) |
570 (52.7) 133 (2.0) |
Ref. 5.41 (4.39–6.69) |
< 0.001 | 3.38 (1.21–9.30) | 0.016 |
| Most recent viral load level |
≥ 1000 cps/mL < 1000 cps/mL |
0 (0) 6986 (90.9) |
703 (100) 0 (0) |
- | - | - | - |
Note: D: indicates females who are at none child bearing age; COR: Crude Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; Ref::Reference value