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. 2025 Oct 1;25:197. doi: 10.1186/s12873-025-01323-8

Table 3.

Location safety and concerns

Is the location safe? Would you have concerns about receiving an injection at this site?
Variable Odds Ratio (95%CI) p-value Odds Ratio (95%CI) p-value

Intervention

(ref verbal instructions only)

4.67 (1.33,19.92) 0.03 0.13 (0.03,0.44) 0.002
Age 0.99 (0.92,1.07) 0.71 1.07 (1.00, 1.16) 0.06

Bystander gender

ref women

0.86 (0.24, 3.24) 0.82 1.60 (0.47, 5.74) 0.45

Actor gender

ref man

1.52 (0.43,5.65) 0.52 0.64 (0.18, 2.11) 0.46
Had first aid training 1.71 (0.47, 6.69) 0.42 1.07 (0.30, 3.80) 0.91