Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study(Year and location) | Study Design | Population Diagnosis |
Sample size, N of participants in each group, Female (n,%). | Mean age | Intervention Group (IG) | Control Group (CG) | Duration of intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
deOliveiraSilva, 2019, Brazil [19] |
RCT |
MCI AD |
N = 46 MCI: IG = 7 (6, 85.71%) CG = 12 (5, 41.66%) AD: IG = 13 (5, 38.46%) CG = 14 (11, 78.57%) |
MCI: IG = 71.85 ± 5.69 CG = 78.20 ± 5.26 AD: IG = 81.22 ± 8.88 CG = 77.54 ± 8.05 |
Multimodal physical training, including aerobic exercises, strength, balance, and stretching (60 min/session; 2 sessions/week) | Clinical follow-up without any physical training | 12 weeks |
|
LawLLF, 2022, China [20] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 145 FTE = 34 (23, 67.6%) ET = 37 (21, 56.8%) CT = 38 (25, 65.8%) WC = 36 (24, 66.7%) |
FTE = 73.21 ± 7.27 ET = 77.35 ± 6.66 CT = 76.32 ± 7.21 WC = 74.14 ± 7.53 |
FTE group: received FTE training for 8 weeks, facilitated by a trained occupational therapist (12 sessions,60-min/session, 4–6/group) CT group: received an existing computer-based CT of attention, memory, executive function and visual perceptual function (12 sessions, 60-min/session, 4–6/group) ET group: exercises facilitated by an occupational therapist and an assistant for 8 weeks.(12 sessions,60 min/session, 4–6/group) |
WC group: normal activities and exercise practice during the 8-weeks period | 8 weeks |
|
Lü, 2016, China [21] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 45 IG = 22 (16, 72.7%) CG = 23 (16, 69.6%) |
IG = 69.00 ± 3.83 CG = 70.43 ± 5.53 |
Intervention group (DTG): Momentum-based dumbbell training (60 min/session, 3 sessions/week) | A regular lifestyle routine without starting any new exercise activities. | 12 weeks |
|
Casas-HerreroÁ, 2022, Spain [22] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 188 IG = 88 (63, 71.6%) CG = 100 (69, 69.0%) |
IG = 84.2 ± 4.8 CG = 84.0 ± 4.8 |
Vivifrail multicomponent exercise programme (resistance/power, balance, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance exercises) (5 sessions/week) | Usual care | 12 weeks |
|
Padala, 2017, USA [23] |
RCT | AD |
N = 30 IG = 15 (5, 33.3%) CG = 15 (6, 40.0%) |
IG = 72.1 ± 5.3 CG = 73.9 ± 7.1 |
Wii-Fit exercise program (yoga, strength training, aerobics, balance games) (30 min/session, 5 sessions/week) | Walking program (30 min/session, 5 sessions/week) | 8 weeks |
|
Suttanon, 2013, Thailand [24] |
RCT | AD |
N = 40 IG = 19 (13, 68.4%) CG = 21 (12, 57.1%) |
IG = 83.42 ± 5.10 CG = 80.52 ± 6.01 |
The Otago Program home based exercise program 6 months | Education program (same number of home visits and phone calls) | 24 weeks |
|
Fogarty, 2016, UK, Canda [25] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 40 IG = 22 (12, 54.5%) CG = 18 (9, 50.0%) |
IG = 71.55 ± 9.33 CG = 72.61 ± 5.78 |
Memory Intervention Program (MIP) and Taoist Tai Chi (TTC) training twice weekly for 90 min at a time for 10 weeks. (90 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | Memory Intervention Program (MIP) 8 sessions, with 6 sessions focusing on both education about lifestyle factors that impact memory and teaching of memory strategies and two follow-up sessions. | 10 weeks |
|
Yoon, 2018 Korea [26] |
RCT | Cognitive frailty |
N = 43 IG = 20 (14, 70.0%) CG = 23 (16, 69.6%) |
IG = 73.82 ± 4.37 CG = 74.03 ± 4.27 |
A high-speed resistance training program. Independent exercise. (60 min/session, 3 sessions/week) | Routine daily activities and performed static and dynamic stretching (using elastic exercise band) (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | 16 weeks |
|
Callisaya, 2021 Australia [27] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 93 IG = 44 (27, 61.4%) CG = 49 (27, 55.1%) |
IG = 72.9 ± 7.2 CG = 72.8 ± 6.9 |
Participants received an iPad with the StandingTall program. The program built to a total of 2 h of balance exercises per week, with cognitive dual-tasking exercises added in week 8. [40–2 h/week (from 40 min in weeks 1 and 2, to 120 min from week 9 onwards)] | Health information fact sheets via post on topics such as eyesight, diet, footwear and physical activity for the duration of the trial. | 6 months |
|
Uysalİ, 2023, Turkey [28] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 48 AG = 12 (2, 16.67%) DG = 12 (2, 16.67%) ADG = 12 (2, 16.67%) CG = 12 (2, 16.67%) |
AG = 73.5 ± 3.21 DG = 74.08 ± 7.67 ADG = 73.25 ± 2.01 CG = 74.08 ± 7.82 |
Group 1: Aerobic exercise training combined with lower limb strengthening group (AG), (3 sessions/week) Group 2: Dual-task training combined with lower limb strengthening group (DG), (3 sessions/week) Group 3: Aerobic exercise training combined with dual-task training and lower limb strengthening group (ADG) (3 sessions/week) |
Only lower limb strengthening group (CG). (3 sessions/week) | 12 weeks |
|
Li, 2021, USA [29] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 30 IG = 15 (9, 60.0%) CG = 15 (12, 80.0%) |
IG = 76.13 ± 6.2 CG = 76.20 ± 6.3 |
Dual-task Tai Ji Quan training program based on Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | Stretching exercises | 24 weeks |
|
Makizako, 2012, Japan [30] |
RCT | aMCI |
N = 50 IG = 25 (12, 48.0%) CG = 25 (11, 44.0%) |
IG = 75.3 ± 7.5 CG = 76.8 ± 6.8 |
The six-month-long, multicomponent exercise program, with combinations of aerobic exercise, muscle strength training and postural balance retraining. (90 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | Education classes during the study period | 24 weeks |
|
Kovács, 2013, Hungary [31] |
RCT | CI |
N = 86 IG = 43 (36, 83.0%) CG = 43 (34, 79.0%) |
IG = 76.39 ± 9.63 CG = 79.29 ± 12.67 |
The multimodal exercise program twice a week for 12 months | Usual care | 12 months |
|
Schwenk, 2016, USA [32] |
RCT | aMCI |
N = 22 IG = 12 (7, 58.3%) CG = 10 (5, 50.0%) |
IG = 77.8 ± 6.9 CG = 79.0 ± 10.4 |
Sensor-based balance training program (45 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | No training | 4 weeks |
|
Hagovská, 2016, Slovak Republic [33] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 80 IG = 40 (18, 45.0%) CG = 40 (21, 52.0%) |
IG = 68.0 ± 4.4 CG = 65.9 ± 6.2 |
Cogni-Plus, from SCHUHFRIED GmbH, Austria, 10 weeks (30 min/session, 7 sessions/week) | Dynamic balance training, 10 weeks (30 min/session, 7 sessions/week) | 10 weeks |
|
Hauer, 2017 Germany [34] |
RCT | CI |
N = 34 IG = 17 (11, 65.0%) CG = 17 (12, 71.0%) |
IG = 81.4 ± 6.6 CG = 83.3 ± 5.7 |
Standardized 6-week home training. | Usual care | 6 weeks |
|
Nyman, 2019, UK [35] |
RCT | Dementia |
N = 85 IG = 42 (18, 43.0%) CG = 43 (16, 37.0%) |
IG = 77.9 ± 8.3 CG = 78.2 ± 7.5 |
Tai Chi intervention: 3 components: (1) Tai Chi classes, (2) home-based Tai Chi practice, and (3) behaviour change techniques (90 min/session, 1 sessions/week) | Usual care | 20 weeks |
|
Lipardo, 2020, China [36] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 92 PACT = 23 (16, 70%) PT = 23 (22, 96%) CT = 23 (28, 78%) WG = 23 (17, 74%) |
PACT = 67 ± 8.0 PT = 73 ± 7.0 CT = 68 ± 7.5 WG = 68 ± 8.5 |
Group 1: (PACT) physical and cognitive training. (60–90 min/session, 1–3 sessions/week) Group 2: (PT) physical training. (60–90 min/session, 1–3 sessions/week) Group 3: (CT) cognitive training. (60–90 min/session, 1–3 sessions/week) |
Control: Group 4: (WG) waitlist group | 12 weeks |
|
Gregory, 2016, Canada [37] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 44 IG = 23 (15, 65.2%) CG = 21 (15, 71.4%) |
IG = 72.6 ± 7.4 CG = 74.5 ± 7.0 |
(EDT) Group-based exercise + Dual Task training. (60–75 min/session, 2–3 sessions/week) | (EO) Exercise only. (60–75 min/session, 2–3 sessions/week) | 26 weeks |
|
LangoniCDS, 2019, Brazil [38] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 52 IG = 26 (20, 76.9%) CG = 26 (20, 76.9%) |
IG = 72.6 ± 7.8 CG = 71.9 ± 7.9 |
Twice weekly sessions of group exercises, with volume and intensity regularly adjusted. (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | Usual life routine. | 24 weeks |
|
Hagovská, 2016, Slovak Republic [39] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 80 IG = 40 (18, 45%) CG = 40 (21, 52%) |
IG = 68.2 ± 6.7 CG = 65.7 ± 5.6 |
CogniPlus training program from SHUFRIED GmbH Company in Austria: CogniPlus 20 training sessions, 2 sessions/week), physical training (30 min/session, 7 sessions/week) | Motor training (30 min/session, 7 sessions/week) | 10 weeks |
|
Yoon, 2017, Korea [40] |
RCT | MCI |
N = 30 HSPT = 14 (14, 100%) LSST = 9 (9, 100%) CON = 7 (7, 100%) |
HSPT = 75.0 ± 3.46 LSST = 76.0 ± 3.94 CON = 78.0 ± 2.77 |
Group 1: (HSPT) Elastic bandbased high-speed power training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) Group 2: (LSST) Low-speed strength training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) |
Group 3: (CON) Out balance and tone routines | 12 weeks |
|
Ullrich, 2022, Germany [41] |
RCT | CI |
N = 118 IG = 63 (48, 76.2%) CG = 55 (42, 76.4%) |
IG = 82.2 ± 5.8 CG = 82.4 ± 6.2 |
Home-based training program (7 sessions/week) | A training manual | 12 weeks |
|
Dawson, 2019, USA [42] |
RCT | Dementia |
N = 23 IG = 13 (6, 46.2%) CG = 10 (7, 70%) |
IG = 73.8 ± 8.5 CG = 74.0 ± 10.4 |
Moderate-intensity home-based functional exercise program, consisting of strength and balance exercises. (2 sessions/week) | Continuation of current levels of activity. | 12 weeks |
|
Suzuki, 2012, Japan, [43] |
RCT | aMCI |
N = 50 IG = 25 (12, 48%) CG = 25 (11, 44%) |
IG = 75.3 ± 7.5 CG = 76.8 ± 6.8 |
Multicomponent exercise under the supervision of physiotherapists (90 min/session, 2 sessions/week) | Education control group | 12 months |
AD Alzheimer Disease, ADGAerobic Exercise Training Combined with Dual-Task Training, AG Aerobic Exercise Group, aMCI Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, CG Control Group, CI Cognitive Impairment, CON Control Group, CT Cognitive Training, DG Dual-Task Training Group, DTG Dumbbell Training Groupm, ET Exercise Training, FTE Functional Task Exercise, HSPT High-Speed Power Training, IG Intervention Group, LSST Low-Speed Strength Training, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, PACT Physical and Cognitive Training, PT Physical Training, RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, WC Wait-List Control