Table 2.

Effectiveness of physical training on cognitive function

Study(Year and location)	Study Design	Population Diagnosis	Mean age	Intervention parameters	Duration of intervention	Outcome Measures	Effect of intervention on Balance
Lü, 2016, China [21]	RCT	MCI	IG = 69.00 ± 3.83 CG = 70.43 ± 5.53	IG: Momentum-based dumbbell training (60 min/session, 3 sessions/week) CG: Usual care	12 weeks	Cognitive Tests: ADAS-Cog, TMT-B, DST-F	DTG had significantly improved ADAS – Cog subscale scores compared to the CG (5.02 points, p = 0.012)
Casas-HerreroÁ, 2022, Spain [22]	RCT	MCI	IG = 84.2 ± 4.8 CG = 84.0 ± 4.8	IG: Vivifrail multicomponent exercise programme (resistance/power, balance, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance exercises) (5 sessions/week) CG: Usual care	12 weeks	Cognitive Tests: MEC-Lobo, MOCA, GDS,	The intervention group showed improvements in the MOCA test after 3 months of exercise intervention (2.05 points; 95% CI 0.80, 3.28)
Uysalİ, 2023, Turkey [28]	RCT	MCI	AG = 73.5 ± 3.21 DG = 74.08 ± 7.67 ADG = 73.25 ± 2.01 CG = 74.08 ± 7.82	Group 1: Aerobic exercise training combined with lower limb strengthening group (AG), (3 sessions/week) Group 2: Dual-task training combined with lower limb strengthening group (DG), (3 sessions/week) Group 3: Aerobic exercise training combined with dual-task training and lower limb strengthening group (ADG) (3 sessions/week) CG: Usual care	12 weeks	Cognitive Tests: MMSE	In all three intervention groups, there was a signifcant improvement in cognitive status (p < 0.05).
LangoniCDS, 2019, Brazil [38]	RCT	MCI	IG = 72.6 ± 7.8 CG = 71.9 ± 7.9	IG: Twice weekly sessions of group exercises, with volume and intensity regularly adjusted. (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care	24 weeks	Cognitive Test: Geriatric Depression Scale-15, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised score	The intervention group showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) depressive symptoms (median punctuation (interquartile range) before: 4 (1.8–6); after: 2.5 (1–4))
Yoon, 2017, Korea [40]	RCT	MCI	HSPT = 75.0 ± 3.46 LSST = 76.0 ± 3.94 CON = 78.0 ± 2.77	Group 1: (HSPT) Elastic bandbased high-speed power training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) Group 2: (LSST) Low-speed strength training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care	12 weeks	Cognitive Test: MMSE, MOCA.	In cognitive function, significant improvements in the MMSE and MOCA were seen in both the HSPT and LSST groups compared with the CON group.

AD Alzheimer Disease,ADGAerobic Exercise Training Combined with Dual-Task Training, AG Aerobic Exercise Group, aMCI Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, CG Control Group, CI Cognitive Impairment, CON Control Group, CT Cognitive Training, DG Dual-Task Training Group, DTG Dumbbell Training Group,ET Exercise Training, FTE Functional Task Exercise, HSPT High-Speed Power Training, IG Intervention Group, LSST Low-Speed Strength Training, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, PACT Physical and Cognitive Training, PT Physical Training, RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, WC Wait-List Control