Table 3.
Effectiveness of physical training on balance
| Study(Year and location) | Study Design | Population Diagnosis |
Mean age | Intervention parameters (Intervention and Control Groups) |
Duration of intervention | Outcome Measures | Effect of intervention on Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
deOliveiraSilva, 2019, Brazil [19] |
RCT |
MCI AD |
MCI: IG = 71.85 ± 5.69 CG = 78.20 ± 5.26 AD: IG = 81.22 ± 8.88 CG = 77.54 ± 8.05 |
IG: Multimodal physical training, including aerobic exercises, strength, balance, and stretching (60 min/session; 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: ST_8UG, CoV_8UG, DT_8UG, DTC_8UG | Improvement in balance was observed in the IG compared to the CG, with a significant difference in the simple task mobility test (ΔCG: −0.18 ± 0.53; ΔIG: −1.05 ± 0.57; P = 0.03). |
|
Lü, 2016, China [21] |
RCT | MCI |
IG = 69.00 ± 3.83 CG = 70.43 ± 5.53 |
IG: Momentum-based dumbbell training (60 min/session, 3 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: TUG, FR, ABC | Significant improvement in balance was noted in the IG as compared to the CG (TUG test: 0.81 s; p-value = 0.043). |
|
Casas-HerreroÁ, 2022, Spain [22] |
RCT | MCI |
IG = 84.2 ± 4.8 CG = 84.0 ± 4.8 |
IG: Vivifrail multicomponent exercise programme (resistance/power, balance, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance exercises) (5 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: SPPB | Significant improvement in balance was observed in the IG, with a mean increase of 0.86 points (95% CI 0.32, 1.41; P < 0.01) after 1 month and 1.40 points (95% CI 0.82, 1.98; P < 0.001) after 3 months. |
|
Padala, 2017, USA [23] |
RCT | AD |
IG = 72.1 ± 5.3 CG = 73.9 ± 7.1 |
IG: Wii-Fit exercise program (yoga, strength training, aerobics, balance games) (30 min/session, 5 sessions/week) CG: Walking program |
8 weeks | Mobilty Tests: BBS, ABC scale, FES, | The IG showed significantly greater improvements in balance compared to the CG, with notable differences in BBS (Δ = 4.8 [3.3–6.2], p < 0.001), ABC scale (Δ = 6.5 [3.6–9.4], p < 0.001), and FES (Δ = − 4.8 [–7.6 to − 2.0], p = 0.002). |
|
Suttanon, 2013, Thailand [24] |
RCT | AD |
IG = 83.42 ± 5.10 CG = 80.52 ± 6.01 |
IG: The Otago Program home based exercise program 6 months CG: Usual care |
24 weeks | Mobilty Tests: Falls, FROP-Com falls risk score, FR, Step Test, Timed Chair Stand, TUG, mCTSIB, Limits of stability (LOS), Walking, Step quick turn, Sit to stand | Significant improvement in Functional Reach (P = 0.002) in the IG compared to the CG. |
|
Yoon, 2018 Korea [26] |
RCT | Cognitive frailty |
IG = 73.82 ± 4.37 CG = 74.03 ± 4.27 |
IG: A high-speed resistance training program. Independent exercise. (60 min/session, 3 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
16 weeks | Mobilty Tests: SPPB, TUG, | Significant improvements in balance were observed in the IG with better performance in SPPB and TUG (both p < 0.05). |
|
Uysalİ, 2023, Turkey [28] |
RCT | MCI |
AG = 73.5 ± 3.21 DG = 74.08 ± 7.67 ADG = 73.25 ± 2.01 CG = 74.08 ± 7.82 |
Group 1: Aerobic exercise training combined with lower limb strengthening group (AG), (3 sessions/week) Group 2: Dual-task training combined with lower limb strengthening group (DG), (3 sessions/week) Group 3: Aerobic exercise training combined with dual-task training and lower limb strengthening group (ADG) (3 sessions/week) |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: TUG, ABC, SLST | In all three intervention groups, Significant improvement in balance was observed in all intervention groups (AG, DG, ADG) with the most notable improvements in DG and ADG (p < 0.05). |
|
Kovács, 2013, Hungary [31] |
RCT | CI |
IG = 76.39 ± 9.63 CG = 79.29 ± 12.67 |
IG: The multimodal exercise program twice a week for 12 months CG: Usual care |
12 months | Mobilty Tests: POMA-B, POMA-G, POMA-T, TUG, falls. | Significant improvement in balance-related items of the POMA-B scale was observed in the IG at both 6 and 12 months (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively). |
|
Schwenk, 2016, USA [32] |
RCT | aMCI |
IG = 77.8 ± 6.9 CG = 79.0 ± 10.4 |
IG: Sensor-based balance training program (45 min/session, 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
4 weeks | Mobilty Tests: Gait speed, eyes open (EO), and eyes closed (EC). Anterior-posterior (AP, cm) sway, medial-lateral (ML, cm) sway, and total sway area (cm2) of the center of mass (CoM), Short-FES-I, | Significant reduction in sway (eyes open) in the IG compared to the CG (p = 0.041). |
|
Hauer, 2017 Germany [34] |
RCT | CI |
IG = 81.4 ± 6.6 CG = 83.3 ± 5.7 |
IG: Standardized 6-week home training. CG: Usual care |
6 weeks | Mobilty Tests: SPPB, POMA test, APAFOP, Sit-to-Stand (STS) | Significant improvements in SPPB (total score: p = 0.012; chair rise: p = 0.007; balance: p = 0.066), reduced gait and balance deficits in POMA (total score: p = 0.006; balance: p = 0.034; gait: p = 0.019), and increased physical activity (APAFOP; p = 0.05) in the IG compared to the CG. |
|
Nyman, 2019, UK [35] |
RCT | Dementia |
IG = 77.9 ± 8.3 CG = 78.2 ± 7.5 |
IG: Tai Chi intervention: 3 components: (1) Tai Chi classes, (2) home-based Tai Chi practice, and (3) behaviour change techniques (90 min/session, 1 sessions/week) CG: No treatment |
20 weeks | Mobilty Tests: TUG, BBS, Icon-FES, Falls | Significant improvement in TUG and BBS scores in the IG compared to the no-treatment group (WMD = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.41 for TUG; WMD = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.91, 3.81 for BBS). |
|
LangoniCDS, 2019, Brazil [38] |
RCT | MCI |
IG = 72.6 ± 7.8 CG = 71.9 ± 7.9 |
IG: Twice weekly sessions of group exercises, with volume and intensity regularly adjusted. (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
24 weeks | Mobilty Tests: BBS, TUG | The IG showed significant improvement in balance, with a mean increase in BBS score from 53 ± 3 to 55.1 ± 1.1 points (P < 0.05). |
|
Yoon, 2017, Korea [40] |
RCT | MCI |
HSPT = 75.0 ± 3.46 LSST = 76.0 ± 3.94 CON = 78.0 ± 2.77 |
Group 1: (HSPT) Elastic bandbased high-speed power training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) Group 2: (LSST) Low-speed strength training (60 min/session, 2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: SPPB, TUG. | Significant improvement in physical function was observed in both HSPT and LSST groups compared to the CG, with increased SPPB scores in the intervention groups. |
|
Ullrich, 2022, Germany [41] |
RCT | CI |
IG = 82.2 ± 5.8 CG = 82.4 ± 6.2 |
IG: Home-based training program (7 sessions/week), a CI-specific, autonomous, home-based strength, balance, and walking training CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: SPPB, TUG, LSA-CI, Short FES-I | Significant improvement in physical function was observed in both HSPT and LSST groups compared to the CG, with increased SPPB scores in the intervention groups. |
|
Dawson, 2019, USA [42] |
RCT | Dementia |
IG = 73.8 ± 8.5 CG = 74.0 ± 10.4 |
IG: Moderate-intensity home-based functional exercise program, consisting of strength and balance exercises. (2 sessions/week) CG: Usual care |
12 weeks | Mobilty Tests: The 30-second chair stand test, m-BBS, The 8-ft walk test, | Significant improvement in balance was observed in the IG compared to the CG, with better performance in balance and gait speed tests (t = 4.1, P = 0.001 for balance; t = 2.6, P = 0.02 for gait speed). |
ADAlzheimer Disease, ADG Aerobic Exercise Training Combined with Dual-Task Training, AG Aerobic Exercise Group, aMCI Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, CG Control Group, CI Cognitive Impairment, CON Control Grou, CT Cognitive Training, DG Dual-Task Training Group, DTG Dumbbell Training Group, ET Exercise Training, FTE Functional Task Exercise, HSPT High-Speed Power Training, IG Intervention Group, LSST Low-Speed Strength Training, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, PACT Physical and Cognitive Training, PT Physical Training, RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, WC Wait-List Control