Table 5.

Summary of outcome measures and statistical significance in included RCTs

Outcome Measure	No. of Studies	Studies with Significant Difference	Studies with No Significant Difference
Balance Status
BBS (Berg Balance Scale)	12	7 [19, 23, 25, 27, 31, 34, 36]	5 [21, 29, 32, 38, 40]
TUG (Timed Up-and-Go Test)	11	6 [19, 22, 24, 27, 28, 38]	5 [20, 31, 33, 37, 40]
SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery)	7	4 [20, 23, 28, 34]	3 [32, 36, 39]
ABC (Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale)	5	3 [19, 28, 32]	2 [24, 35]
Step Test	2	1 [22]	1 [31]
Timed Chair Stand	2	1 [25]	1 [26]
mCTSIB (Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance)	2	1 [27]	1 [33]
Limits of Stability (LOS)	2	1 [29]	1 [32]
WS (Walking Speed)	7	4 [21, 23, 34, 36]	3 [26, 30, 40]
Cognitive Function
MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination)	10	6 [21, 23, 29, 32, 35, 38]	4 [20, 25, 26, 36]
TMT-A (Trail Making Test Part A)	5	3 [21, 24, 31]	2 [28, 35]
TMT-B (Trail Making Test Part B)	4	2 [20, 25]	2 [31, 34]
MOCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)	7	4 [22, 26, 27, 37]	3 [30, 33, 38]
GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale)	4	2 [20, 34]	2 [28, 31]
NCSE (Naming, Connecting, Sensory, and Executive Function Test)	3	2 [22, 30]	1 [35]
ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale)	3	2 [24, 36]	1 [29]
HVLT (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test)	3	2 [26, 34]	1 [31]
MEC-Lobo (Lobo’s Mini-Exam for Cognitive Impairment)	2	1 [33]	1 [25]
Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination	3	2 [27, 36]	1 [30]
Other Outcomes
ADLQ (Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire)	5	3 [21, 23, 29]	2 [27, 35]
Lawton-IADL (Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale)	3	2 [24, 34]	1 [31]
HRQoL (Health-Related Quality of Life)	4	2 [19, 30]	2 [22, 32]
SF-12, SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS (Short Form Health Survey)	4	2 [28, 36]	2 [22, 33]
CST (Category Specific Therapy)	3	1 [23]	2 [32, 37]
Falls (Recording of Falls)	4	2 [24, 34]	2 [19, 38]
FROP-Com Falls Risk Score (Falls Risk Assessment)	3	1 [26]	2 [20, 33]