Table 4.

Impact of SPHI on poverty vulnerability using PSM method

		K-nearest matching (K = 1)			K-nearest matching (K = 4)			Caliper matching (caliper = 0.01)			Kernel matching
		ATT	SE	T-stat	ATT	SE	T-stat	ATT	SE	T-stat	ATT	SE	T-stat
Full-sample		−0.028***	0.009	−3.19	−0.024***	0.007	−3.63	−0.026***	0.006	−4.08	−0.035***	0.006	−5.64
Chronic disease
Having chronic disease		−0.046**	0.021	−2.15	−0.047***	0.016	−2.87	−0.051***	0.015	−3.40	−0.069***	0.015	−4.65
Non-chronic disease		−0.019**	0.009	−2.14	−0.022***	0.007	−3.10	−0.018***	0.007	−2.75	−0.023***	0.007	−3.56
Age
16–59 years old		−0.029***	0.007	−3.81	−0.021***	0.006	−3.60	−0.021***	0.005	−4.13	−0.023***	0.005	−4.58
≥ 60 years old		−0.072**	0.035	−2.03	−0.065**	0.027	−2.40	−0.077***	0.024	−3.15	−0.087***	0.024	−3.62
Education level
Middle school and below		−0.025**	0.010	−2.36	−0.031***	0.009	−3.57	−0.027***	0.008	−3.43	−0.040***	0.008	−5.24
High school and above		−0.020*	0.018	−1.73	−0.015*	0.009	−1.72	−0.019**	0.009	−2.25	−0.020**	0.008	−2.38
Residence
Urban		−0.031***	0.009	−3.14	−0.023***	0.007	−3.17	−0.028***	0.007	−4.00	−0.039***	0.007	−5.62
Rural		−0.031*	0.017	−1.78	−0.035**	0.014	−2.50	−0.026**	0.013	−2.00	−0.029**	0.013	−2.27
Residence region
Eastern		−0.022	0.015	−1.47	−0.017	0.011	−1.48	−0.018	0.011	−1.63	−0.026**	0.010	−2.42
Central		−0.030***	0.011	−2.71	−0.023***	0.008	−2.76	−0.020**	0.008	−2.33	−0.027***	0.008	−3.21
Western		−0.067***	0.021	−3.13	−0.049***	0.016	−3.06	−0.061***	0.014	−4.17	−0.068***	0.014	−4.77

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; SPHI Supplementary Private health insurance