Table 2.

Key purinergic receptor antagonists: mechanisms of action, experimental/therapeutic applications, and clinical trial status.

Receptors	Antagonists	Mechanism of action and potential use	Status
P2X1	Salicylamide derivatives, including PSB-2014, NF023 and NF479, MRS2159	A kind of small, uncharged molecules, which act as negative allosteric modulators [7]	Preclinical
P2X2	PPADS, Reactive Blue 2, TNP-ATP, and suramin	A kind of nonselective P2X2 receptor antagonists [7]	Preclinical
P2X3	Eliapixant (BAY1817080), BLU-5937 Gefapixant	Treats chronic cough [23] Ameliorates postinfarct cardiac dysfunction and autonomic nervous imbalance [24]	Clinical Clinical
P2X4	NP-1815-PX 5-BDBD	Inhibition of bronchial constriction [25] Suppresses microglial activation and subsequent cytokine expression after brain injury [26]	Preclinical Preclinical
P2X5	None
P2X6	None
P2X7	A-438079 14a A740003 AZD9056 JNJ-55308942, JNJ-54175446 [7]	Inhibits circulating RNA (circ_0001679, circ_0001212) and mRNA (PLN, CDH2, and NPRL3) [27], ameliorates renal dysfunction [28], and alleviates oxidative stress of the lung [29] Suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation [30] Inhibits ERK/NF-κB pathways [31] treat rheumatoid arthritis [7] Treats depression and bipolar disorder [NCT05328297]; interaction with cytochrome P450 [NCT03547024]	Preclinical Preclinical Preclinical Clinical Clinical