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. 2025 Oct 1;11:111. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00918-6

Table 2.

Summary of meta-analyses

Outcomes Indices N Mean difference (95% of CI) p I2 (p) Bias
Body Composition BM 12 -0.90 (-1.80, -0.01) 0.05 0% (0.98) Egger: p = 0.30; Begg: p = 0.63
BMI 9 -0.57 (-1.35, 0.20) 0.15 0% (0.63) Egger: p = 0.88; Begg: p = 0.47
LBM 4 0.71 (-3.09, 4.52) 0.71 0% (0.98) Egger: p = 0.49; Begg: p = 1.00
FBM 10 -1.22 (-2.59, 0.15) 0.08 0% (0.97) Egger: p = 0.09; Begg: p = 0.37
WC 5 -0.52 (-3.95, 2.91) 0.77 0% (0.99) Egger: p = 0.52; Begg: p = 0.81
HC 3 -0.22 (-4.41, 3.89) 0.92 0% (0.95) Egger: p = 0.59; Begg: p = 1.00
WHR 2 -0.00 (-0.05, 0.04) 0.85 0% (0.82)
Metabolism TC 8 -1.51 (-9.82, 6.80) 0.72 0.5% (0.43) Egger: p = 0.43; Begg: p = 0.90
TG 9 -10.78 (-20.68, -0.88) < 0.05 0% (0.53) Egger: p = 0.98; Begg: p = 0.75
HDL-C 11 -1.72 (-6.17, 2.73) 0.45 44% (0.06) Egger: p = 0.84; Begg: p = 0.36
LDL-C 10 -3.74 (-6.92, -0.56) < 0.05 0% (0.77) Egger: p = 0.11; Begg: p = 0.22
Glucose 3 -1.74 (-16.24, 12.76) 0.81 0% (0.97) Egger: p = 0.31; Begg: p = 1.00
Insulin 5 0.62 (-1.66, 2.89) 0.60 0% (0.49) Egger: p = 0.70; Begg: p = 1.00
HOMA-IR 5 -0.22 (-0.33, -0.11) < 0.05 0% (0.50) Egger: p = 0.40; Begg: p = 0.81

BM: body mass; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; LBM: lean body mass; FBM: fat body mass; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Bold text signifes statistically significant results