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. 2025 Sep 18;16:1636987. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1636987

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Copyright © 2025 McKinney, Corsmeier, Dapore, Gross, Dominick, Erickson and Schmitt.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing the percentage variance accounted for in FSIQ by various factors. Categories include neighborhood, economic, health/environmental, and educational opportunities. Bars represent COI and FMRP contributions, with COI in light green and FMRP in dark green. Asterisks highlight significant categories such as social resources and healthcare resources. — Stacked bar chart depicting the percent variance in full-scale IQ (FSIQ) accounted for by FMRP (dark green) and each COI domain and subdomain (light green) in males. Values reflect variance after accounting for age. Bolded factors denote COI domains, and un-bolded factors denote COI subdomains. Asterisks (*) denote a COI domain/subdomain significantly associated with FSIQ at p <.05.