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. 2025 Sep 18;5:1644695. doi: 10.3389/fbinf.2025.1644695

TABLE 7.

The best model class and its performance for each of the problems of interest: (i) normal v/s cancer using ten features, (ii) metastatic v/s non-metastatic using five features, (iii) molecular subtyping using 16 features, and (iv) histological subtyping using 24 features. Nested model selection was used to identify the best model class, with subsequent validation on external datasets. In the case of histological subtype, a voting ensemble of the two models shown was used for the external validation. The RF model for molecular subtyping was externally validated on another 26 TNBC samples, yielding 25 correct predictions. MCC and AUROC values of the best model in each case are scaled to the range [0,100].

S.No Model Train Test External validation
Balanced acc. (%) Balanced acc. (%) Specificity Sensitivity Precision (PPV) MCC AUROC
Normal v/s cancer
1 NN (1 layer) 99.82 100 97.42 95.74 99.09 95.74 94.84 97.42
Non-metastatic v/s Metastatic
2 NN (1 layer) 99.17 82.24 88.22 93.87 78.57 91.67 80.87 88.22
Molecular subtype
3 RF 99.99 91.43 88.79 93.11 84.46 93.63 84.06 90.23
Histological subtype
4 XGBoost 95.13 88.74 76.92 53.85 100 93.81 71.07 76.92
5 NN (1 layer) 96.97