Table 3.
PROBAST results of the included studies.
| Author year | Study type | ROB | Applicability | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Predictors | Outcome | Analysis | Participants | Predictors | Outcome | ROB | Applicability | ||
| Stefano (26) | B | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Yinghua (19) | B | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Benjamin (23) | A | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Yuhei (27) | A | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Akaphol (24) | A | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Pei-Chun (30) | A | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Amir (33) | A | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Hang (20) | A | − | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Faysal (28) | A | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Kai (21) | A | − | + | + | ? | + | + | + | − | + |
| Yue (22) | A | − | + | + | ? | − | + | + | − | − |
| Sukrisdi (25) | A | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Kai-yang (32) | A | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Hui (29) | B | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Ling (31) | A | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| Xuejun (18) | B | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
PROBAST, Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool; ROB, Risk of Bias; A indicates “development only”; B indicates “development and validation in the same publication”; + indicates low ROB/low concern regarding applicability; - indicates high ROB/high concern regarding application? Indicates unclear ROB/unclear concern regarding applicability.