. 2025 Sep 17;11:e75024. doi: 10.2196/75024

Table 3.

Effect coefficients of the health-promoting behavior (HPB) model among adolescents living in child welfare institutions.

Dependent and independent variable			Direct effect (β)		Indirect effect (β)		Total effect (β)	SMC^a
HPBs									0.479
	Perceived barriers to action	0.065		—^b		0.065
	Perceived self-efficacy	0.538^c		−0.012		0.526^c
	Social support	0.256^c		0.249^c		0.505^c
Perceived barriers to action									0.188
	Perceived self-efficacy	−0.185^d		—		−0.185^d
	Social support	—		−0.088^d		−0.088^d
	Health literacy	−0.234^d		−0.013		−0.247^c
	Self-esteem	−0.194^d		−0.061^d		−0.254^c
Perceived self-efficacy									0.328
	Health literacy	0.098		−0.029		0.069
	Self-esteem	0.184^d		0.143^c		0.327^d
	Social support	0.473^c		—		0.473^c
Social support									0.086
	Health literacy	−0.061		—		−0.061
	Self-esteem	0.303		—		0.303^c

^aSMC: squared multiple correlation.

^bNot applicable.

^cP<.001.

^dP<.01.