Table 1.

Summarizing some natural products that activate the AMPK pathway for T2DM treatment.

No	Natural Products	Source/Origin	Mechanism of Action
1	Berberine	Plants like Berberis vulgaris	Directly activates AMPK by modulating the AMP/ATP ratio and inhibits mitochondrial respiration.
2	Resveratrol	Grapes and red wine	Inhibits the mitochondrial F1 ATPase, increasing AMP levels and thereby activating AMPK.
3	Quercetin	Found in many plants	Indirectly activates AMPK by modulating cellular ADP/AMP levels and directly activates the pathway.
4	Curcumin	Curcuma longa (Turmeric)	Enhances the body's response to insulin, lowers blood sugar, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
5	Cinnamon	Various species of the Cinnamomum genus	Promotes insulin sensitivity and helps lower blood glucose levels.
6	Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)	Tropical vine	Contains compounds that mimic insulin and reduce blood glucose levels.
7	Ginseng (Panax ginseng)	Various species of the ginseng genus	Improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.