Table 2.

Research progress in mitochondrial transplantation for ischemic stroke.

ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; Bax, BCL2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Cyt c, Cytochrome c; FABP5, Fatty acid-binding protein 5; FABP7, Fatty acid-binding protein 7; GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein; GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase; hUC-MSCs, Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; Iba-1, Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; N2a cells, Neuro-2a cells; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; GSDMD, Gasdermin D; OPC, Oligodendrocyte precursor cell; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SD rats, Sprague-Dawley rats; SOD, Superoxide dismutase.

Animal species	Mitochondrial sources	Injection sites and methods	Function	Therapeutic outcomes	Ref.
Male SD rats	SD rat pectoralis major	Lateral ventricle injection	•Increases SOD and GSH-Px increased; •Decreases caspase 3 and Cyt c; •Reduces GFAP.	•Inhibits oxidative stress; •Inhibits neuronal apoptosis; •Reduces astrocyte activation.	[216]
MaleC57BL/6 mice	C57BL/6 mouse liver	Tail vein injection/Intracerebral injection	•Inhibits NLRP3, GSDMD expression	•Inhibits microglial pyroptosis; •Promotes neurogenesis	[221]
MaleC57BL/6 mice	C57BL/6 mouse liver	Intracerebral injection	•Reduces caspase-3; •Upregulates FABP5, FABP7.	•Promotes OPC survival and proliferation; •Promotes myelination.	[223]
MaleC57BL/6 mice	E17 mouse placenta	Intravenous injection	•Increases ATP.	•Reduces infarct area.	[214]
Male SD rats	Hamster kidney fibroblasts	Intracerebral Injection/Femoral artery inject	•Increases ATP; •Increases Iba-1 and GFAP.	•Reduces apoptosis; •Reduces glial cell hyperactivity.	[215]
Wistar rats	hUC-MSCs	Intracerebroventricular injection	•Decreases Iba-1.	•Reduces apoptosis; •Reduces glial cell hyperactivity.	[220]
SD rats	N2a cells	Internal carotid artery injection	•Reduces Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3.	•Inhibits ROS production; •Reduces apoptosis.	[217]