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. 2025 Oct 2;25:1292. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07764-w

Table 2.

Primary outcomes

Outcome Control group (n = 44) Experimental group (n = 37) p
Self-evaluation, mean (SD)
Total score of self-evaluation 10.59 (1.91) 11.81 (1.47) 0.002
Proactivity 3.86 (0.63) 3.97 (0.60) 0.430
Sense of participation 2.98 (0.79) 3.73 (0.61) < 0.001
Harvest degree 3.75 (0.81) 4.11 (0.70) 0.038